公允价值具有价值相关性吗?基于金融资产的研究

本文以构成我国证券市场主体的A股上市公司为研究样本,考察了公允价值相对于历史成本以及公允价值自身变动产生的未实现收益的价值相关性问题。实证结果发现:相对于历史成本,公允价值具有增量的价值相关性;金融资产公允价值变动产生的未实现收益具有价值相关性;两种金融资产中,只有可供出售金融资产产生的未实现收益具有价值相关性,交易性金融资产不具有价值相关性。此研究结果不仅为国际会计准则在中国证券市场的应用和实施效果提供了经验证据,同时也能够帮助监管层和实务界正确认识公允价值在股票市场上信息传递方面所起的作用。     

中国金融业公允价值层次信息价值相关性的经验证据

本文以2007-2013年披露公允价值层次信息的中国金融业上市公司为样本,研究公允价值层次信息的价值相关性。研究发现,公允价值层次信息整体上具有价值相关性;随着计量层次的降低,一、二、三层次公允价值资产的价值相关性逐渐降低,而一、二、三层次公允价值负债的价值相关性没有显著差异;不同信息环境下公允价值层次信息价值相关性的进一步研究表明,较高的信息透明度和信息丰富度能提高第三层次公允价值信息的价值相关性。本文的研究结论为处于转型阶段的新兴市场国家公允价值层次信息价值相关性,以及《企业会计准则第39号——公允价值计量》提供了经验证据。     

信息披露制度与其他综合收益的价值相关性

本文以《企业会计准则解释第3号》为背景,考察中国上市公司披露的其他综合收益及其累计信息的价值相关性。检验发现,在利润表附注中披露的其他综合收益的价值相关性更高。目前中国会计准则未要求上市公司披露累计其他综合收益的信息,然而实证结果证明,累计被投资单位所有者权益变动的影响这一项目具有增量价值相关性,投资者可以利用这一信息进行价值判断。     

论公允价值与会计稳健性的兼顾

2006年财政部颁布了新的会计准则，最大的特点就是全面引入了公允价值计量属性。公允价值计量的引入，有利于提高会计信息的决策有用性和价值相关性。但是由于公允价值固有的不确定性及确认传统会计中不予确认的未实现的收益等，会对会计信息的稳健性产生影响。因此，深入系统探讨公允价值会计信息的稳健性问题，有着重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文从相关理论及研究文献的回顾出发，通过分析公允价值的不确定性及风险性，认为公允价值会计信息在稳健性方面存在一定的缺陷，提出通过合理确定两者使用顺序和充分披露等方法，确保公允价值信息在提高信息决策的相关性方面又能兼顾稳健性。     

金融危机下吉林省应用公允价值计量模式的思考

金融危机下公允价值计量模式对企业会计信息的披露产生了极大的影响,吉林省可以从培育与完善各种公开市场、健全公允价值计量准则及其框架体系、规范评估技术、谨慎运用公允价值准则、强调如实表述、强化会计人员素质、加强各种活跃市场的监管、规范衍生金融工具的公允价值计量及其风险披露、加强投资者风险和素质教育、不断采用新技术完善公允价值应用环境等方面完善公允价值计量模式的应用,促进吉林省经济的发展。     

公允价值的价值相关性:B股公司的证据

本文研究了B股公司按国际会计准则第39号(IAS39)披露公允价值的股价反映,以及公允价值揭示对会计信息价值相关性的影响。本研究发现,公允价值披露显著地增加了会计盈余的价值相关性。按公允价值计量的投资持有利得(损失)具有较弱的增量解释能力。而投资的公允价值调整没有显示出价值相关性。公允价值调整及持有利得(损失)对股价的影响存在差异,原因可能在于我国投资者对盈余的关注程度要高于对账面净值的关注程度。公允价值调整及持有利得(损失)缺乏很强的价值相关性的原因在于,公允价值存在计量误差,而投资者也看穿了这一计量误差。     

公允价值的价值相关性检验

本文研究了A股公司新会计准则公允价值的应用对会计信息价值相关性的影响。研究发现,公允价值运用增加了会计信息的价值相关性,提高了会计信息的决策有用性,但是投资者似乎更关注收益信息。我国公允价值会计的未来走向应是十分乐观的。     

我国上市公司公允价值信息的价值相关性——基于企业会计准则国际趋同背景的经验研究

本文对会计准则国际趋同后公允价值信息的价值相关性进行研究发现,我国上市公司与公允价值相关的信息具有一定的价值相关性,新会计准则对公允价值的引入在一定程度上提升了财务报告信息的信息含量,公允价值信息的价值相关性未明显受到金融危机的影响,同时本文针对研究结论和我国国情提出了政策建议。     

利润表新增项目价值相关性研究——来自中国A股非金融类上市公司的经验证据

以价格模型为基础,选取中国沪深两市A股非金融上市公司为样本,研究了新会计准则实施前后利润表新增项目(即公允价值变动收益项目与资产减值损失项目)的价值相关性。结果发现,新准则实施后利润表的价值相关性显著提高。进一步研究发现,资产减值损失项目价值相关性较强,相比旧制度下信息质量也得到改善,但不是信息增量的主要来源;而公允价值变动收益项目信息并未得到市场显著反应。结果表明,利润表中其他项目质量的改善是会计信息价值相关性增加的主要源泉。     

议公允价值变动损益的信息披露——基于宁波银行的信息披露

PREFACE/前言随着2007年新企业会计准则实施,公允价值在会计计量中的地位越来越重要。然而,我们发现公允价值变动的报表信息披露并不完善,存在的问题影响了会计信息质量,不利于企业进行公允价值的风险管理,不利于信息使用者进行决策。本文基于宁波银行2009年年度报告,在指出公允价值变动信息披露不完备的同时提出了相应的改进建议,对如何改进及改进后的效果做了说明与分析。     

会计报表中衍生产品的信息披露研究——美国的经验与启示

金融危机之后,美国修改了衍生产品的信息披露标准,提高了披露要求;同时,执法机构也加强了对金融机构滥用会计准则、规避信息披露义务的制裁力度。我国场外金融衍生工具市场尚处于发展初期,相关信息披露标准未臻完备。现行会计信息披露标准对于衍生工具的披露着墨不多,且主要集中于公允价值和风险披露两个方面。借鉴域外经验,我国应进一步完善衍生产品信息披露标准、防范准则滥用,以保护投资者的合法权益。     

公允价值会计和金融稳定研究——金融危机分析视角

本文基于金融危机的背景下,对公允价值与金融稳定之间关系进行研究。公允价值会计在金融加速器和资产市场混响效应的基础上引入会计加速器,使风险承担更具顺周期效应,这对金融系统的稳定产生了不利影响。本文在坚持公允价值会计的原则下,从金融市场稳定的角度,建立了一个理想信息框架。通过该框架,市场参与者,不仅能从微观层面上获得企业有关财务状况的估计、风险轮廓的估计和计量的不确定性等信息,而且还能从宏观层面上获得风险的相关性、风险传染的可能性及其系统风险等方面的信息。     

衍生金融工具会计风险问题研究

针对大多数衍生金融工具为表外业务,无法在财务报表中加以确认和计量的特点,本文讨论了衍生金融工具存在的计量风险,以及采用公允价值方法与及时信息披露方法结合对衍生金融工具计量和披露,由于会计计量属性的原因,会计难以全面披露衍生金融工具的风险,由此讨论如何规避由于采用衍生金融工具而导致的会计风险的方法和措施。     

Research Note: Revisiting Fair Value Accounting––Measuring Commercial Banks' Liabilities

IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IASB, 2000), requires assets to be marked to fair value if held-for-trading, available-for-sale purposes, or if they are derivatives; held-to-maturity securities, originated loans and originated securities are measured at amortized cost, providing they are not held-for-trading. Financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost except those that are held-for-trading or derivatives. A proposed amendment would accommodate improved fair value measurement of financial instruments. Commercial banks are greatly affected by any accounting standard concerning the recognition and measurement of financial instruments, whether related to assets or liabilities. This article demonstrates that the existing and proposed standards perpetuate the mismeasurement of interest rate risk for commercial banks. Under IAS 39 banks that have a balanced position, that is, no interest rate risk, counterfactually could show large changes in income through interest rate changes. An alternative accounting treatment, full fair value reporting of financial assets and liabilities, including all loans and deposits, is offered. Presently fair value data are mandated as footnote disclosure.     

Information Asymmetry and Voluntary SFAS 157 Fair Value Disclosures by Bank Holding Companies During the 2007 Financial Crisis

We hand‐collect SFAS 157 voluntary fair value disclosures of 18 bank holding companies. The SEC's Division of Corporate Finance likely targeted these entities in 2008 through their “Dear CFO” letters in which they requested specific, additional disclosure items. We collect disclosures that match the SEC recommendations and create eight common factor disclosure variables to examine the effect of such disclosures on information asymmetry. We find that disclosure variables about the use of broker quotes or prices from pricing services and the use of market indices and illiquidity adjustments are related to lower information asymmetry. However, disclosure variables about valuation techniques and asset‐backed securities are related to greater information asymmetry. We also document that disclosure complexity, and disclosure tone (uncertainty and litigious) is related to greater information asymmetry. These findings are consistent with criticism that corporate disclosures are voluminous; management may obfuscate unfavorable information which in turn increases market participants’ assessment of uncertainty associated with the fair value measures. We caveat that the setting of the financial crisis and a small sample size may limit the ability to generalize these inferences to other time periods or other financial firms.     

The Effects of Uncertainty and Disclosure on Auditors' Fair Value Materiality Decisions

Financial accounting standards increasingly require fair value measurements. I experimentally examine how uncertainty affects auditors’ adjustment decisions when evaluating fair values. I manipulate two types of uncertainty, input subjectivity and outcome imprecision, and one reporting choice, supplemental disclosure. I find that auditors are most likely to require adjustments when fair values contain both more input subjectivity and more outcome imprecision, but that this likelihood diminishes when clients supplement recognized fair values with additional disclosure. Thus, consistent with moral licensing, I find that auditors tolerate greater potential misstatement in the financial statements when clients provide disclosure, suggesting that the SEC's preference for supplemental disclosure may have the unintended consequence of affecting fair values recognized in the body of the financial statements. I also provide evidence that auditors determine adjustment size by comparing recorded fair value to the nearest bound, rather than the midpoint, of the auditors’ own range estimate, consistent with strict application of auditing standards.     

Financial instruments in non-financial firms: what do we know?

Accounting for financial instruments is one of the most controversial standard setting issues. Attempts by standard setters to expand the scope of fair value measurement provoked fierce opposition from preparers, in particular from the financial industry but also, albeit less frequently and less scathingly, from non-financial firms. Academic research could help to bring the discussion onto a more objective level. Most of the existing research focuses on the financial industry and uses US disclosure data from the 1990s. More recent papers use recognition and measurement data from IFRS financial statements, again primarily from the financial industry. This paper provides novel evidence on the relevance of financial instruments for non-financial firms of the STOXX Europe 600 Index. The results in particular refute the myths that fair value measurement of financial instruments is pervasive and that many fair value measurements are of the problematic ‘level 3’ quality. The empirical evidence forms the background for a survey of the small body of existing research on the effects of accounting standards relating to financial instruments on non-financial firms. This survey covers research on the effects on risk management, on the volatility of cash flows and earnings, on earnings management and on the effects on user decisions. Both in the empirical sections and in the survey sections, I identify a number of areas for further research to overcome the poor current state of knowledge.     

金融创新、公允价值计量与商业银行股票崩盘风险

选取我国沪深两市A股上市商业银行作为研究对象,利用2007—2017年年报数据,实证研究金融创新对商业银行股票崩盘风险的影响。在此基础上,以公允价值计量作为中介变量研究其在金融创新对商业银行股票崩盘风险影响中的作用机理。研究发现：金融创新与商业银行股票崩盘风险负相关,公允价值计量在其中发挥部分中介效应的同时也增加了商业银行股票崩盘风险。在当前鼓励创新和防范化解重大金融风险的背景下,应当大力提倡金融创新,通过公司治理和内部控制来规范公允价值计量的使用。     

FIRM RESOURCES,QUALITY SIGNALS AND THE DETERMINANTS OF CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL REPUTATION: SOME UK EVIDENCE

Using the example of the creation of corporate environmental reputation, the article offers a theoretical extension of the resource-based view of the firm to include quality signalling via the channel of accounting disclosure. The proposed framework is then tested via an empirical survey into the relationship between environmental disclosure and environmental reputation. The results suggest that implementation, monitoring and disclosure of environmental policies and their disclosure in annual reports contribute significantly to the creation of environmental reputation. Diverse institutional share ownership and low systematic risk are also associated with positive environmental reputation. Prior financial performance has no impact and there is no evidence that environmental reputation is created by a financial halo effect or by the availability of slack financial resources.     

Issues in the Drive to Measure Liabilities at Fair Value

This paper compares the discussion on liability measurement in Accounting The0y Monograph 10 with the liability measurement requirements in recent international proposals on accounting for financial instruments. Rather than conducting a detailed review of the Monograph, the paper examines three major issues which wawant amplifjing, extending or criticising: What is “fair value”? Why fair value liabilities? Should fair value include an entity's own credit risk? The focus is on financial liabilities such as “plain vanilla” debt; other financial liabilities, such as insurance obligations, pensions, wawanties and environmental damage restoration involve additional considerations and are therefore not considered.