论我国行政强制执行主体模式的转变

《行政强制法》（草案）于2009年8月进行了第三次审议,该草案继续维持了”以申请法院强制执行为原则,以行政机关自行强制执行为例外”行政强制执行主体模式,我国行政强制执行中的主体模式是关系到行政强制执行的目的能否真正实现的关键。因此,对于我国的行政强制执行体制中主体模式的变与不变是一个值得探讨的问题。     

行政强制及相关概念的确正

行政强制正成为我国行政法学研究的热点问题,但国内学者对行政强制、行政强制执行、行政强制措施以及即时强制的概念及种属关系并未达成一致见解。文章对行政强制与行政强制执行关系进行了重新定位,对行政强制措施的概念进行了还原及分类。认为行政强制与行政强制执行是作为行政法中的两个重要的并列概念。行政强制又分为一般行政强制与即时行政强制,行政强制执行又分为非诉行政强制执行及经过诉讼的强制执行。行政强制措施与行政强制执行措施分别是行政强制与行政强制执行的方法和手段。     

论我国行政强制执行救济制度的完善

我国目前对行政机关强制执行的救济途径规定不明确,但是行政强制的执行关系到行政相对人的人身、财产权利,因此,结合国外的立法经验,确定我国行政强制执行责任主体,然后采用行政救济与司法救济相结合的方式,继续完善人民法院强制执行的救济制度,明确救济责任主体,对行政强制执行的全过程进行监督,保障行政强制执行救济的及时,有效。     

纳税人如何请求税务行政赔偿

税务行政赔偿是指税务行政机关及其执法人员在执行公务中违法或者不当行使职权，侵犯了纳税人和其他税务当事人的合法权益并造成实际损害，受害人可提出的行政赔偿。纳税人请求税务行政赔偿必须掌握以下几点：（一）税务行政赔偿的范围。按照国家赔偿法规定，税务机关及其执法人员行使具体行政行为，有下列情况之一造成损害的，纳税人和其他税务当事人有权请求赔偿：（1）违法征收税款及滞纳金；（2）违法处罚；（3）违法采取税收保全和强制执行，或者采取上述措施不当；（4）税务机关不作为行为造成损害；（5）越权行为造成损害的，这里的…     

税务机关实施听证要把好“五关”

税务行政听证是指在税务机关作出税务行政决定之前，给有利害的税务行政关系人提供发表意见的机会，时税务特定事项质证、辩驳的程序，其实质是听取税务行政利害关系人的意见。《行政处罚法》首次在我国确立了听证制度，随着《立法法》、《行政许可法》等法律的不断出台，我国的税务行政听证制度也逐步完善。     

税务行政执法应强化证据意识

随着依法行政观念逐渐深入人心，要求行政主体在作出具体行政行为时必须要有充足的根据，包括法律依据和事实证据，税务行政执法也不例外，税务机关在对纳税人实施税权管理、征收、强制执行及处罚等行政行为时必须有据而为，必须树立和强化证据意识，以确保每一项具体行政行为的合法和有效。     

人民银行实施行政强制执行模式选择

针对目前人民银行单一行政强制执行模式存在的弊病,本文结合工作实际,提出了人民银行自行实施行政强制执行的设想,并对人民银行自行实施行政强制执行的方式作了初步设计.     

税务行政复议和解与调解制度解读

随着《行政复议条例》和新《税务行政复议规则》的颁布实施,我国首次以法律的形式确立了和解与调解制度可以作为解决税务行政纠纷的途径。这是我国行政法理论和行政管理理念的一次重大变革．是行政效率价值与公平价值最大程度的融合与体现。运用好税务行政复议和解与调解功能．将有助于充分发挥税务行政复议在解决税务行政争议、化解征纳矛盾、构建和谐征纳关系的重要作用．力争把税务行政争议化解在基层、化解在初发阶段、化解在征管程序中。     

试论我国税务登记制度的完善

我国现行的税务登记制度具有行政许可属性。我国税务登记制度存在的问题主要有：税务登记立法的指导思想存在一定偏差，税务登记制度与其他行政登记制度未能实现有效衔接，税务行政登记的效力和公信力有待于进一步明确。据此，税务登记法制建设的指导思想应从管理本位向纳税人权利本位转变，应尽快实现税务登记与其他行政登记的有效衔接，同时明确税务登记的效力和公信力。     

财产被拍卖也征营业税

国家税务总局在给最高人民法院《关于强制执行被执行人财产有关税收问题》的复函中称,无论拍卖、变卖财产的行为是纳税人的自主行为,还是人民法院实施的强制执行活动,对拍卖、变卖财产的全部收入,纳税人均应依法申报缴纳税款。税总在(国税函[2005]869号)的文件中称,人民法院的强制执行活动属于司法活动,不具有经营性质,不属于应税行为,税务部门不能向人民法院的强制执行活动征税。这一表态回答了最高人民法院提出的“人民法院依法强制执行拍卖、变卖被执行人财产后,税务部门能否直接向人民法院征收营业税”的问题。但税总称,无论拍卖、变卖…     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.