中美交叉上市与权益资本成本研究--基于美国股票交易所上市的A股公司数据北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文基于约束理论研究了中美交叉上市是否会降低A股公司的权益资本成本,通过构建包含立法水平和执法水平的投资者法律保护指数,检验赴美上市对我国A股公司权益资本成本的作用效果。结果表明,中美交叉上市部分降低了权益资本成本,以投资者法律保护指数所代表的约束理论具备一定的解释力,但是由于融资规模等因素的干扰,交叉上市对权益资本成本的降低作用受到某种程度的不利影响。尽管如此,交叉上市对改善公司治理机制具有积极的作用,AN股公司的治理结构有所优化。     

媒体曝光度、信息披露环境与权益资本成本

媒体发挥着公司治理和信息传播的双重作用,这有助于减少投资者与公司间的信息不对称,而信息不对称程度的降低会减少公司的融资成本。本文选取2007年之前上市A股公司为样本,实证检验了媒体曝光度对权益资本成本的影响。研究发现媒体报道有助于降低公司权益资本成本。研究还进一步发现在市场化程度越低的地区,媒体报道对权益资本成本的影响力越强;在非国有企业中,机构投资者持股比例越高,媒体报道对权益资本成本的影响力越强。     

企业税收规避与权益资本成本

本文以2008～2015年沪深A股上市非金融企业为研究样本,结合机构投资者异质性对企业税收规避与权益资本成本间的关系进行实证检验。研究发现:企业税收规避程度越高,其权益资本成本也相应提高;经营绩效是税收规避影响权益资本成本的一个中介路径,即高程度的避税活动会损害企业的经营绩效从而提高权益资本成本;结合机构投资者异质性发现,相比交易性机构投资者,稳定性机构投资者更能发挥治理作用,弱化税收规避对权益资本成本的负面影响。本文的研究丰富了税收规避与权益资本成本方面的研究,为新兴加转轨时期我国上市公司避税行为的经济后果提供了新的经验证据,同时也可为企业、政府和机构投资者提供一定的参考。     

交叉上市的资本成本效应之实证研究

交叉上市的资本成本效应是从公司理财角度研究交叉上市的核心领域。本文以截止2008年6月30日在内地、纽约与香港交叉上市的11家中国公司为样本,分别采用CAPM和Gordon模型估算分析公司在内地、纽约和香港三个市场的资本成本,结果表明:(1)在A股市场CAPM模型下的资本成本要高于Gordon模型下的资本成本,而在N股市场和H股市场,结果相反;(2)采用CAPM模型与Gordon模型均证明公司在A股市场的资本成本(β系数)低于其在N股和H股市场的资本成本。A股市场较低的资本成本反映出我国股票市场对投资者利益保护不足,我国股票市场亟需加强对投资者利益的保护。     

市场化进程、自愿性信息披露和权益资本成本

基于市场化进程中政府对企业干预程度的差异,本文研究市场化进程对自愿性信息披露与权益资本成本关系的影响。研究发现,市场化进程对自愿性信息披露与权益资本成本的负相关关系起加强作用;更进一步地,在市场化进程较低的地区,受较强的政府干预的影响,国有上市公司比非国有上市公司自愿性信息披露与权益资本成本的相关关系更弱,相反,在市场化进程较高的地区,政府会减少对企业的干扰,非国有上市公司相比于国有上市公司对这种影响的弹性更大,表现在非国有上市公司比国有上市公司更能通过披露较多的自愿性信息来降低权益资本成本。     

董事高管责任保险与权益资本成本——来自信息质量渠道的实证研究证据

本文从信息质量的角度出发,研究了董事高管责任保险对公司权益资本成本的影响及作用机制。实证研究发现,公司购买董责险的行为与权益资本成本显著正相关。进一步分析其作用机理后发现,购买董责险的公司,财务信息质量更低、资本市场信息不对称程度更高、投资者分歧更大。结论表明,在法律体系与诉讼制度尚未完善的资本市场中,董责险并没有激发更多的股东诉讼,反而使股东诉讼对管理层的监督惩罚效应下降,降低了公司的信息质量,提高了公司的融资成本。     

社会责任报告降低了企业权益资本成本吗?——来自中国资本市场的经验证据

本文以上市公司披露社会责任报告的动机为出发点,以权益资本成本为落脚点,探讨社会责任报告对企业权益资本成本的影响及作用机制。研究表明,公司披露社会责任报告有助于降低企业的权益资本成本,并且社会责任报告披露对权益资本成本的影响存在"首次披露"效应;但是对于同样披露了社会责任报告的公司而言,社会责任报告质量的高低对权益资本成本的影响并不显著,机构投资者持股比例对于社会责任报告与权益资本成本的关系也无显著影响。这说明我国投资者已经开始关注社会责任报告信息披露,投资者普遍认为发布社会责任报告传递的是一个有利的信号,但是由于我国企业社会责任报告的质量普遍较低,这些报告给投资者传递的信号并没能降低他们对企业风险的评估。     

董事高管责任保险、权益资本成本与上市公司再融资能力

基于公司治理角度,使用2002~2012年沪深引进董事高管责任保险的上市公司为样本,考察了董事高管责任保险、权益资本成本和上市公司再融资能力三者之间的相互关系。研究表明:董事高管责任保险与上市公司的再融资能力负相关,与权益资本成本呈显著正相关关系;权益资本成本在董事高管责任保险和上市公司再融资能力影响机制中发挥中介作用。具体地,投资者因规避责任保险机制庇护下公司高管自利行为可招致的风险,导致上市公司权益资本成本增加,从而降低了公司再融资能力。     

董事高管责任保险、权益资本成本与上市公司再融资能力

基于公司治理角度,使用2002~2012年沪深引进董事高管责任保险的上市公司为样本,考察了董事高管责任保险、权益资本成本和上市公司再融资能力三者之间的相互关系。研究表明：董事高管责任保险与上市公司的再融资能力负相关,与权益资本成本呈显著正相关关系;权益资本成本在董事高管责任保险和上市公司再融资能力影响机制中发挥中介作用。具体地,投资者因规避责任保险机制庇护下公司高管自利行为可招致的风险,导致上市公司权益资本成本增加,从而降低了公司再融资能力。     

高铁时空压缩效应与公司权益资本成本——来自A股上市公司的经验证据

以往文献大多集中于交通基础设施对一国或地区宏观经济的影响,而较少关注其对资本市场的作用。本文基于信息不对称视角,考察了高铁开通改变地理距离的时空约束后如何影响公司权益资本成本。以2007—2018年A股上市公司为样本,本文研究发现,上市公司所在地开通高铁后,由于内外信息不对称程度的降低,公司权益资本成本显著下降。该现象受到一系列公司特征的影响,与多数投资者聚集地距离越远、业务复杂度越高的公司,权益资本成本受高铁开通影响而下降得更明显。进一步的研究表明,高铁开通后公司股票流动性的提升及信息披露质量的提高是影响权益资本成本的重要路径。     

资本市场开放与股权资本成本——基于沪港通、深港通的实证研究

本文基于沪港通和深港通研究资本市场开放对中国内地股权资本成本的影响。研究发现,受政策风险和市场环境等因素所限,沪港通在初始阶段并未对沪市公司的股权资本成本产生显著影响,但随着政策进一步完善、市场逐渐稳定和交易不断活跃,其对股权资本成本的降低效果于实施两年后开始显现;深港通建立在沪港通的制度基础和运行经验上,其在开通后显著降低了标的公司的股权资本成本。本文还进一步分析了资本市场开放影响股权资本成本的竞争渠道和信息渠道,发现深港通对股权资本成本的降低作用主要集中在投资者竞争程度较高,或是公开信息质量较高、信息不对称程度较低的股票样本。     

资本市场开放与股权资本成本——基于沪港通、深港通的实证研究

本文基于沪港通和深港通研究资本市场开放对中国内地股权资本成本的影响。研究发现,受政策风险和市场环境等因素所限,沪港通在初始阶段并未对沪市公司的股权资本成本产生显著影响,但随着政策进一步完善、市场逐渐稳定和交易不断活跃,其对股权资本成本的降低效果于实施两年后开始显现;深港通建立在沪港通的制度基础和运行经验上,其在开通后显著降低了标的公司的股权资本成本。本文还进一步分析了资本市场开放影响股权资本成本的竞争渠道和信息渠道,发现深港通对股权资本成本的降低作用主要集中在投资者竞争程度较高,或是公开信息质量较高、信息不对称程度较低的股票样本。     

How cross-listings from an emerging economy affect the host market?

We study the impact of mainland Chinese listings in Hong Kong on the quality and development of the Hong Kong equity market. At the macro-level, we find that the increasing presence of mainland Chinese stocks in Hong Kong increases the size, trading volume, and its link with the China and world markets but reduces the overall volatility of the Hong Kong stock market. At the firm level, the increase affects the market quality, resulting in lower turnover rate, higher Amihud illiquidity ratio, and higher spread for non-mainland Chinese firms. Furthermore, such an increase in presence causes Hong Kong stocks to move in a more synchronized way and reduces these firms investment sensitivity to stock price movement, implying deterioration in the information environment. As a whole, the increasing presence of Chinese companies in Hong Kong brings benefits to the Hong Kong market, yet not without cost.     

Price disparity between Chinese A- and H-shares: Dividends,currency values,and the interest rate differential

We provide new evidence on price disparity between Chinese A- and H-shares for cross-listed companies in the period 2006–2019. Our panel-data results show that the A-share price premium is negatively related to cash dividends and expected relative currency values between mainland China and Hong Kong. International investors in H-shares prefer companies that pay dividends regularly, and they buy when the Chinese currency is expected to appreciate. A discounted dividend theoretical model explains these results.     

Trading gap in holidays and price transmission: Evidence from cross-listed stocks on the A-share and H-share markets

Chinese public holidays of differing durations celebrated in mainland China and Hong Kong provide a unique trading gap when the A-share markets are closed but the H-share market is not. In this study, we examine how these non-overlapping trading gaps caused by holidays affect price transmission between cross-listed stocks in the A-share and H-share markets. We find that the price movements of H-shares during trading gaps are positively associated with post-holiday drifts in the A-share markets. This positive association is stronger when the length of non-overlapping holidays is longer, and when firms have a weaker connection to Hong Kong market. Moreover, our evidence reveals that investor distraction rather than sentiment during holiday periods may be the reason for this positive association. Finally, our results show that a portfolio trading strategy based on our findings can be profitable, indicating the economic magnitude of our findings.     

Investor Protection and Firm Liquidity

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between investor protection and firm liquidity. We posit that less protective environments lead to wider bid-ask spreads and thinner depths because they fail to minimize information asymmetries. The Hong Kong equity market provides a unique opportunity to compare liquidity costs across distinct investor protection environments, but still within a common trading mechanism and currency. Our empirical findings verify that firm liquidity is significantly affected by investor protection. Regression and matched-sample results show that Hong Kong-based equities exhibit narrower spreads and thicker depths than their China-based counterparts.     

The spillover effect of disclosure rules and materiality thresholds: Evidence from profit warnings issued in Hong Kong market

Dual-listed firms simultaneously follow the relevant rules in their home country and in their cross-listed country. In contrast, other firms only listed in the cross-listed country are only subject to the local regulations. Previous literature has found evidence that cross-listing can improve firms’ information transparency because of more stringent listing rules in the cross-listed country. The existing research, however, has not paid enough attention to the potential influence of dual-listed firms and their home country institutional factors (e.g. unique disclosure policies) on other firms only listed in the cross-listed country (i.e. spillover effect). In the Hong Kong market, Chinese dual-listed firms are under the mandatory profit warning regulation of mainland China, but other firms listed only in Hong Kong only need to follow the voluntary disclosure rule of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Such a setting provides us with the opportunity to investigate a spillover effect, i.e. whether these Chinese dual-listed firms influence their peers only listed in Hong Kong to release profit warnings. We find that firms only listed in Hong Kong are more likely to issue profit warnings if their Chinese dual-listed peers have also issued warnings. We further find that this spillover effect increases with the market capitalization of Chinese dual-listed firms and increases with the market share of these firms before they dominate the industry. Lastly, due to an underlying duty to disclose material information in Hong Kong, the spillover effect is weaker for firms with large earnings surprises.     

Contrarian investment strategies work better for dually-traded stocks: Evidence from Hong Kong

We investigate the profitability of contrarian investment strategies for equities listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEX), which are separated into cross-listed firms and firms listed only in Hong Kong. We also investigate the relationship between stock returns and past trading volume for these equities. We report significantly higher contrarian profits for the period investigated and find that this is a persistent feature of stock returns for cross-listed companies. We also document that contrarian portfolios earn returns as high as 8.01% per month for the dually-traded companies and just 1.83% for only HKEX-listed firms. We find that volume has only a limited ability to explain contrarian profits. All extreme profits disappeared after adjusting for the Fama and French three-factor model.     

投资者保护与权益资本成本的关系探讨

本文以沪深两市2003年576家上市公司为研究样本，以权益资本成本为因变量，以本文所构建的投资者保护指数为自变量，运用多元回归方法对两者关系进行检验分析。研究发现：投资者保护与权益资本成本呈显著负相关关系，即使在考虑了公司规模、Beta系数、行业影响等因素后，两者之间的负相关关系仍然显著，这就证明我国上市公司虽然整体投资者保护水平不高，但公司之间的保护程度仍有重大差异；我国证券市场上的投资者已经能够在一定程度上区别对待投资者保护水平不同的上市公司。     

Investor legal protection and earnings management: A study of Chinese H-shares and Hong Kong shares

Under the unique “one country, two systems” arrangement, the more stringent investor protection rules in Hong Kong are not enforceable in firms that are incorporated in China but listed on the Hong Kong stock exchange (H-shares). As such, H-shares and other local Hong Kong firms are subject to different investor protection regimes in the same stock market. We find that H-shares are associated with higher earnings management than local Hong Kong firms after controlling for disparity in economic development, types of controlling shareholders and other factors. More importantly, this relationship is weaker after China implemented the Securities Law in 1999. The results are robust after considering the dual-listing status of H-shares and board characteristics. These results provide direct evidence showing the effect of investor legal protection on financial reporting quality.