移民汇款、金融发展与收入不平等——基于114个发展中国家跨国面板数据的研究

利用1981年至2017年114个发展中国家非平衡面板数据,基于库兹涅茨曲线设定移民汇款影响收入不平等的计量经济学模型,从移民汇款与金融发展互补性角度就国际移民汇款对收入不平等的影响以及这一影响的异质性特征进行实证考察;并使用不同的计量经济学方法,附加控制变量与子样本进行进一步检验,证明本文实证结果有效可信。结果发现,只有通过金融中介作用移民汇款才会发挥其改善收入不平等的积极作用,即移民汇款对收入不平等的影响取决于收款国金融发展水平,证实了移民汇款与金融发展之间存在互补性关系。进一步的检验证实了结果的有效性和稳健性,但由于金融发展程度存在差异,移民汇款对收入不平等的影响在不同金融发展水平国家之间有所差异。在金融相对发达国家,移民汇款通过改善收入不平等提高了贫困人口收入水平。然而,在金融发展相对落后国家,移民汇款却加剧了收入不平等。异质性检验也表明,中高收入国家移民汇款通过制度的中介作用对收入不平等的作用大于中低收入国家。     

我国城镇居民收入流动对长期收入不平等影响研究

收入流动是研究收入不平等问题的一个重要视角。笔者通过对我国城镇居民收入流动对长期收入不平等影响的分析发现:(1)在考虑到收入流动的情况下,城镇居民的长期收入不平等并没有各个单独年份的收入不平等那么严重;(2)收入流动对长期收入不平等的缓解程度取决于收入流动的自身变动情况,我国城镇居民收入流动在2000年后呈现整体下降态势,其对我国城镇居民长期收入不平等的缓解程度也出现下降。(3)导致阶层固化的收入流动不利于缓解长期收入不平等,这也解释了进入2000年后我国城镇居民收入流动对长期收入不平等缓解程度呈现明显下降。     

分项收入不平等效应与收入结构的优化

从分项收入角度考察城乡收入不平等,不仅能判断产生收入不平等的原因,还能判断什么分项收入有利于增加收入总量;不仅能量化收入不平等效应,还能根据收入不平等效应来优化收入结构。研究发现,分项收入具有性质不同、大小不等的收入不平等效应,其中工资性收入扩大收入不平等的效应最强、转移性收入次之、财产性收入最小;经营性收入是唯一具有缩小收入不平等效应的分项收入。据此,我们认为,城乡居民收入结构优化的方向应该是,稳定维持工资性收入、适当调整转移性收入、适度控制财产性收入并努力增加经营性收入。     

Alternative Retirement Income Arrangements and Lifetime Income Inequality: Lessons From Australia

This paper examines the implications for lifetime income equality of alternative retirement income arrangements, using the Australian scheme as a benchmark. In Australia, the pay-as-you go financed age pension is means-tested and thereby provides a contrast with those countries where part or all of a basic pension is paid to all aged persons. Many governments are considering an increase in the level of means-testing. The results show that the introduction of a universal pension coupled with significant changes and simplifications to the structure of taxation and superannuation have little effect on the redistributive impact of the tax structure in a life cycle framework. The presence of means-testing appears to have no significant effect on life-time inequality. The results suggest that it is possible to eliminate complexities from the system providing retirement benefits without having any deleterious effect on equity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

城市化对于中国居民收入不均的影响

本篇论文重新定义了城市化和中国人口收入不均的关系,以中国居民的收入不均变化是否遵循着库兹涅茨倒U型曲线为切入点。根据本文的研究,尽管中国城市地区和农村地区收入不均的变化没有遵循库兹涅茨的倒U型假说,但是中国总的收入不均变化遵循了这一假说。中国总体收入不均遵循倒U假说的主要原因就是：由城市化导致的收入不均已经在近十年来进入下降的阶段,从而使得中国总体收入不均水平也在下降或使其加速缓慢。在未来,对于总体收入不均水平的下降,两项政策将刻不容缓：一方面,限制劳动力流动的户籍制度必须打破,从而使城市化加快;另一方面,农村居民的收入必须尽快提高,从而使城乡差距缩小。     

International Trends in Income Inequality and Social Policy

In most OECD-countries income inequality has increased during the last two decades. In this paper, we investigate whether changes in the overall distribution of income can be attributed to social policy measures. For most (but not all) countries we find a possible relationship between changing welfare state policies (as measured by expenditure ratios and replacement rates) and changing income inequality. Especially the United Kingdom and the Netherlands combined an above-average rise in inequality with a reduction in the generosity of the welfare system.A more elaborate budget incidence analysis for the Netherlands indicates that in the period 1981–1997 inequality of disposable household income increased sharply. The two main forces behind this phenomenon were a more unequal distribution of market incomes and changes in social transfers. Fundamental social security reforms in the Netherlands indeed seem to have made the income distribution less equal. However, income inequality in the Netherlands is still below the OECD average at the end of the observed period.     

浅析金融发展与城乡居民收入不平等

本文以1978—2005年间山东省金融发展与城乡收入差距的时间序列为基础对二者关系进行了Granger因果检验,结果表明山东省金融发展对城乡收入差距有单向Granger因果关系,进而以ADL模型和以向量自回归（VAR）模型为基础,运用脉冲相应函数和方差分解技术定量分析了金融发展对城乡收入差距作用的大小。得出结论：金融发展与城乡收入差距之间存在协整关系;在长期,金融发展对山东省城乡收入差距有显著拉大作用,并据此就山东省金融发展与城乡收入差距提出了简要地政策建议。     

Internal Migration Decision and Rural Income Inequality: A Counterfactual-Based Gini Decomposition Analysis

We examine the decision between internal migration and home production for Chinese rural households and its impact on rural income distribution. By constructing counterfactual scenarios under which households are allowed to switch freely between internal migration and home production, we find that the migrant households in the studied region could have earned higher simulated income if they choose to work in local sectors, with potential sample selection bias corrected by the two-step Heckit method. Based on the counterfactual results, we conduct a Gini decomposition analysis and illustrate that rural income inequality would also be reduced if migrants choose to work locally. The findings are compatible with the fact that a nontrivial portion of the internal migration in China tends to be involuntary.     

Determinants of Bank Distress in Europe: Evidence from a New Data Set

Using a unique data set on bank distress, this paper provides novel empirical evidence on the determinants of bank soundness in the European Union (EU) as a whole. The estimation results are consistent with the hypothesis that bank risks have converged across EU members, providing empirical support for introduction of a more centralized system of financial regulation in the EU. We show that asset quality and earning profile of banks are important determinants of bank distress next to leverage, suggesting that these should be central in EU-wide financial regulation and supervision. We find that market discipline, both by depositors and by stock market participants, plays a role in the EU, supporting the notion that transparency and dissemination of financial information would contribute to the financial soundness of banks. Our data also point to the presence of contagion effects, relatively higher fragility of concentrated banking sectors, and hazards associated with high ratios of wholesale funding.     

人力资本、社会保障与中国居民收入不平等——基于个体相对剥夺视角

本文通过Kakwani个体相对剥夺指数测度中国城乡居民的收入不平等程度,并分析了人力资本和社会保障对居民个体收入不平等的影响机制及其城乡差异。研究发现:人力资本积累和社会保障制度能够有效抑制居民收入不平等程度的恶化,人力资本和社会保障主要通过收入增长效应和收入差距减缓效应来降低居民收入不平等程度,且稳健性检验结果依然显著;城乡之间不同收入人群在人力资本积累和社会保障再分配上存在群体差异性和阶层分化,导致城乡居民收入不平等的异质性。加强人力资本要素集聚和提高生产效率,构建城乡一体化的社会保障体系,遏制城乡居民多维贫困的代际传递,对于降低城乡居民收入不平等尤为关键。     

A New Approach to Measuring Financial Contagion

This article proposes a new approach to evaluate contagion infinancial markets. Our measure of contagion captures the coincidenceof extreme return shocks across countries within a region andacross regions. We characterize the extent of contagion, itseconomic significance, and its determinants using a multinomiallogistic regression model. Applying our approach to daily returnsof emerging markets during the 1990s, we find that contagionis predictable and depends on regional interest rates, exchangerate changes, and conditional stock return volatility. Evidencethat contagion is stronger for extreme negative returns thanfor extreme positive returns is mixed.     

Financial Development and Income Inequality: Long-Run Relationship and Short-Run Heterogeneity

This article examines the dynamic relationship between financial development and income inequality using the PMG. We find that financial development will reduce inequality in the long run, while it can increase inequality in the short run. Using the estimates of country-specific short-run coefficients, we also find that adverse short-run effects of financial development are associated with the vulnerabilities of countries in terms of their greater susceptibility to crises and poor quality of governance. Good governance seems to be important for achieving inclusive growth though financial development.     

社会保障对收入分配差距的调节效应——基于陕西省宝鸡市住户调查数据的实证研究

社会保障具有重要的收入再分配功能,在很多国家社会保障都是调节居民收入分配差距最重要的手段。本文对陕西省宝鸡市住户调查数据的实证研究表明,社会保障转移性收入缩小了居民收入分配差距,使城乡居民收入的基尼系数下降了4.5%,其中城镇居民基尼系数下降22.8%,农村居民基尼系数下降1.82%。但由于农村居民获得的社会保障转移性收入远远低于城镇居民,从而导致城乡收入差距上升23.17%。为抑制收入分配差距的进一步扩大,中国应重视社会保障对收入分配的调节作用,进一步增加社会保障的财政投入。尤其要加大对农村社会保障的财政投入,尽快扭转社会保障对城乡收入差距的逆向调节。     

贸易扩张与收入不平等:基于金融发展视角的理论与经验分析

金融发展是贸易比较优势的重要源泉,文章将金融发展因素纳入到贸易与收入不平等的分析框架,并基于省际面板数据检验贸易扩张对收入不平等的影响。研究结果表明,进出口贸易确实加剧了中国收入不平等程度,而金融发展对贸易扩张的收入分配效应则起到负向作用,即地区金融发展水平的提高有助于贸易缩小收入差距。然而金融发展的作用尚未充分体现,这是源于中国金融体系具有明显的选择性压制或制度偏向特征。     

Income Inequality and Living Standards: Changes in the 1970s and 1980s

‘This country has the highest standard of living that it has ever known … Real incomes have increased throughout all income groups.’ Margaret Thatcher (Weekly Hansard, 27 April 1989, cols 1087–8) ‘While the very rich have lost some of their riches to the less rich, over time, the poor have hardly profited proportionately.’ Neil Kinnock (The Future of Socialism, Fabian Tract no. 506, January 1986)     

A New Data Base on State-Owned Enterprises

Privatization of state-owned assets was a central economic reformof the 1980s and 1990s. Lack of data has made it impossibleto judge the extent to which privatization has diminished theimportance of state ownership in the economy or changed theperformance of state-owned enterprises. This article introducesa new data base on state-owned enterprises, the first sincethe mid-1980s, which partly fills this information gap. TheBureaucrats in Business data base provides time-series datafor up to 88 countries on the share of state enterprises inthe overall economy, investment, employment, and internal andexternal credit as well as their overall surplus or deficitand the size of transfers to and from national treasuries. Thearticle presents the rationale for the data base, describesits seven measures of state enterprise size and performance,and explores possible uses of the information.     

新一代数据仓库建设模式探索实践--以国家开发银行为例

随着我国金融业对外开放的脚步不断加快,越来越多的外资银行涌入中国,导致我国银行业面临的竞争压力越来越大。为提升银行业竞争能力,国家在“十一五”期间明确提出,我国银行要向风险可控、规范运营的现代商业银行转型。今天,我们正处在转型的关键时期。银行业的转型要求改变传统的“拍脑袋”决策的方式,实施科学决策。     

Growth, Income Inequality, and Fiscal Policy: What Are the Relevant Trade-offs?

We develop an endogenous growth model with elastic labor supply, in which agents differ in their initial endowments of physical capital. In this context, the growth rate and the distribution of income are jointly determined. We then examine the distributional impact of different ways of financing an investment subsidy. Policies aimed at increasing the growth rate result in a more unequal distribution of pre-tax income, consistent with the positive correlation between income inequality and growth observed in the recent empirical literature. However, there is no conflict between efficiency and equity if inequality is measured in terms of the distribution of welfare.