高校科研经费间接成本核算模型构建--基于政府会计制度背景

科研经费间接成本是对高校开展科研活动的成本补偿,随着《政府会计制度》的实施,高校在会计核算模式、财务报告编制方面都发生了重大的变化,新制度为高校成本核算提供了制度保障。本文阐述了科研经费间接成本的构成及研究现状,梳理了从资源归集、作业中心成本计算及科研项目成本分摊的整个核算流程。根据资源消耗的不同特点,运用作业成本法和权重比例法的理论和方法,科学地对科研经费间接成本进行分类和分摊,构建了比较完整地高校科研经费间接成本核算模型。同时提出了与模型运用相配套的建议:制定具体行业的间接成本核算规定,规范间接成本的核算;构建并完善高校成本管理系统并加强财务人员的培养;根据高校自身特点,制定科研经费间接成本核算体系。     

基于财务视角下的科研项目管理机制改革研究

高等学校科研管理对于学校的管理至关重要,精确的科研成本核算对于科研管理具有重要意义.目前,高校科研项目成本核算存在诸多问题,表现为:成本控制精准度不够,计算方法选择不对路等.因此,需要加强对于高校科研项目的成本核算,确保核算的准确性,科学性,让高校管理能够更加顺畅化进行.     

浅谈医院成本核算

正确处理社会效益和经济效益的关系,加强医院成本管理,进行医院成本核算,提高医院经济效益势在必行。借鉴企业的经营管理,对科室直接成本进行归集作为基础,选择合理的成本分配系数将间接成本分摊至临床服务类科室,形成临床服务类科室的全成本。通过分析成本核算结果,为医院经营管理提供数据支持。     

新《政府会计制度》下高校财务报告编制面对的挑战与应对策略

新《政府会计制度》引入了"双功能""双基础""双报告"的核算模式.在该模式下,各单位需要同时完成财务会计与预算会计两套账簿,这对高校会计管理工作提出了严峻的挑战.文章梳理了高校财务报告编制过程中的疑点难点,并针对性地提出了增强高校财务报告科学性、合理性的建议.     

论高校科研项目成本核算

目前,我国高等学校科研项目核算存在着要素不完整、控制不全面、计算方法不科学等问题,从而导致高校科研支出挤占教学支出,科研项目承担单位提供的支持服务得不到合理的补偿,这将直接影响高校的可持续发展以及科研和教学的协调发展。为了提高高等学校科研管理水平,如何通过有效的方法进行科研项目的成本核算,成为高等学校财务管理所面临的一个日益重要和紧迫的问题。笔者针对高校科研项目的成本核算中的问题进行了分析,提出了几点建议。     

医院全成本核算探析

随着我国医疗卫生体制改革的深化与医院自身管理发展的需要,对医院全成本核算的研究与分析有着重要意义.文章详尽阐述了医院全成本及医院科室全成本的核算构成及成本分摊方法,分析了医院实行全成本核算存在的不足,针对问题提出了应时措施.     

论高校科研项目成本核算

目前,我国高等学校科研项目核算存在着要素不完整、控制不全面、计算方法不科学等问题,从而导致高校科研支出挤占教学支出,科研项目承担单位提供的支持服务得不到合理的补偿,这将直接影响高校的可持续发展以及科研和教学的协调发展。为了提高高等学校科研管理水平,如何通过有效的方法进行科研项目的成本核算,成为高等学校财务管理所面临的一个日益重要和紧迫的问题。笔者针对高校科研项目的成本核算中的问题进行了分析,提出了几点建议。     

政府会计视角下高校科研经费会计核算探究

高等学校于2019年开始采用新的《政府会计制度》进行会计核算,高校会计处理实现了财务会计与预算会计适度分离并相互衔接的转变,会计核算实行双分录、双基础、双报告——财务会计核算采用权责发生制,预算会计核算采用收付实现制.在目前高校普遍使用的天财6.0财务核算系统中,高校对校内各二级单位及科研项目按资金类别设置单独项目,实行项目管理,由预算会计核算项目的收支明细,财务会计核算项目的成本费用.由于预算会计反映的内容相对简单,其核算范围小于财务会计,而高校实际的预算管理却比较复杂,因此在执行过程中时常遇到各种难点问题.本文对库存物品的采购和领用、科研项目间接经费和管理费的计提等相关会计核算方法进行探讨分析,以期形成更加规范科学的高校账务处理模式,提高高校会计信息质量.     

推行高校成本核算的财务会计核算优化建议——以LL大学为例

通过“部门预算支出经济分类科目-校内各部门-经费项目”三维的高校教育培养成本项目模型构建,对LL大学的教育培养成本核算进行研究,分析高校成本核算情况下财务会计核算应关注的问题,提出应注重部门预算支出经济分类科目的核算和高校经费项目属性的管理,规范高校成本费用以及费用受益期间的确认依据和核算标准,按照人、财、物使用方向准确划分费用类型等针对高校财务管理特点的财务会计核算优化建议,从而真实、准确地反映高校教育培养成本。     

基于内控视角的高校科研经费支出风险防范分析

高校使用科研经费的合理与科学程度,会直接影响最终的科研项目的完成情况。基于内控视角的高校科研经费支出的风险防范分析,学校需要在科研项目开展的全过程中做好风险识别工作。在科研项目立项与运作的初始环节、科研项目的实施环节、科研项目验收结题环节,全方面了解与掌握可能存在的风险因素。基于项目运作全过程的风险识别,构建完善的科研经费预算机制,以高校内部控制目标为导向,实现精细化科研经费管理。本文对此进行了探讨。     

高校科研经费管理存在的问题及对策探讨

科研经费是普通高校开展科研工作的重要物质基础，如何合理有效地利用科研经费是科研管理的重要内容之一。目前高校对科研经费管理不够规范，普遍存在着科研资金和资产流失严重、科研项目成本难以核算、科研经费使用效益不高、科研成果的产业化程度低等问题，针对这些问题提出了加强高校科研经费管理的对策。     

高等教育成本核算问题的探讨

高等学校作为以教学科研活动为中心的事业单位,虽然不像企业那样直接从事物质资料等有形产品的生产和销售,但同样存在"投入"与"产出"的经济活动,本文通过对高校教育成本概念的界定,成本项目的设立,以及对在教育成本核算中遇到的一些特殊情况进行了初步的探讨,以期对高校建立成本核算制度,实行成本管理有所裨益.     

高校财务风险管理与控制策略

当前，高校进入大规模扩张阶段，财政经费投入不足促使高校负债发展成为必然。高校的财务管理涉及到学校的教学、科研、后勤等各个环节，偿债风险控制的有效与否直接影响高校的正常发展。高校财务管理状况不容乐观，在财务管理和核算方面出现诸多漏洞与弊端，表现在盲目扩建、国有资产流失，人力资源配置失衡，资金来源单一、贷款负担沉重等问题。因此，本文提出解决问题的对策和化解偿债风险的若干控制策哈以期实现高校“负债-发展-收益”之间的良性循环。     

Portfolio preferences of foreign institutional investors

This paper examines the investment allocation choices of actively-managed US mutual funds in emerging market equities after the market crises of the 1990s. We analyze both country- and firm-level disclosure and institutional policies that influence mutual funds’ allocation choices relative to major stock market indices. At the country level, we find that US funds invest more in open emerging markets with stronger accounting standards, shareholder rights, and legal frameworks. At the firm level, US funds are found to invest more in firms that adopt discretionary policies such as greater accounting transparency and the issuance of an ADR. Our results suggest that steps can be taken both at the country and the firm level to create an environment conducive to foreign institutional investment.     

Accounting Information, Disclosure, and the Cost of Capital

In this paper we examine whether and how accounting information about a firm manifests in its cost of capital, despite the forces of diversification. We build a model that is consistent with the Capital Asset Pricing Model and explicitly allows for multiple securities whose cash flows are correlated. We demonstrate that the quality of accounting information can influence the cost of capital, both directly and indirectly. The direct effect occurs because higher quality disclosures affect the firm's assessed covariances with other firms' cash flows, which is nondiversifiable. The indirect effect occurs because higher quality disclosures affect a firm's real decisions, which likely changes the firm's ratio of the expected future cash flows to the covariance of these cash flows with the sum of all the cash flows in the market. We show that this effect can go in either direction, but also derive conditions under which an increase in information quality leads to an unambiguous decline in the cost of capital.     

高等院校财务管理目标和职能探讨

随着高等教育体制改革的深入和高等院校外部环境的变化，财务管理在高等院校管理中的重要性开始逐渐显现。为了加强财务管理工作，必须正确定位高等院校财务管理的目标和职能。高等院校法人地位的确定和法人财产权的拥有是确定高等院校财务管理目标的前提，教育资金的重要性和稀缺性是确定高等院校财务管理目标的依据。高等院校财务管理的目标可以定义为：采用科学合理的方法筹集、分配和使用资金，保证学校日常运行和长远发展的需要，最大限度地提高资金的利用效率和效果。根据财务管理的目标，高等院校财务管理的职能应包括三个层次：核算职能、管理职能和经营职能。新形势下，应采取措施强化高等院校的财务管理工作：转变观念，提高认识，提升财务管理的地位；继续加强核算职能，夯实财务管理的基础；重点强化管理职能，充分发挥财务管理的作用；适当运用经营职能，为高等院校发展助力。     

Unto Every One That Hath Shall Be Given: The Subject Areas Under The HEFCE Formula

The Higher Education Funding Council for England and Wales (HEFCE) has recently revised its formulae for the distribution of teaching and research funds between universities. The new formulae are intended to increase the transparency of the allocation process and reduce the reliance on historical patterns of allocation. Analysis shows that the coefficients (costs and prices) on which the formulae depend are estimated from historical data, so that reliance on historical patterns has not been eliminated. Moreover, the process by which the coefficients were derived is not transparent and the data used are not necessarily the most appropriate. Thus, the new formulae, which lead to significant shifts in the allocation of funds between subject areas, cannot be shown to have the transparency and sound empirical basis to which HEFCE aspires.     

Out-West Products, Inc.: A financial modeling and decision analysis case

The Out-West Products, Inc. instructional case requires students to build a comprehensive financial model to support planning and decision-making. Part 1 of this team-oriented Excel project requires students to construct a baseline model, while Part 2 provides sensitivity analysis and decision-making extensions. The case incorporates cost-volume-profit, accounting income versus cash flow, and benchmarking analyses. Case objectives provide students with a realistic financial modeling experience that includes: building models; linking data across financial statements; testing solutions and analyzing scenarios; and improving critical thinking skills. These objectives closely align to the AICPA Core Competency Framework for Entry into the Accounting Profession. The case can be used in introductory and upper-division managerial accounting, upper-division cost accounting, and MBA managerial accounting courses, and can be modularized to achieve instructor-specific objectives.     

EVA® FOR BANKS: VALUE CREATION, RISK MANAGEMENT, AND PROFITABILITY MEASUREMENT

This article presents a complete ranking of America's 100 largest bank holding companies according to their shareholder value added. This research, the first of its kind for the banking industry, defines an EVA measurement for banks and presents evidence of EVA's stronger correlation with bank market values than traditional accounting measures like ROA and ROE. Besides developing EVA and MVA as analytical tools for viewing the economic performance of the organization from a shareholder perspective, the authors also present a framework for calculating EVA at all levels of the organization, including lines of business, functional departments, products, customer segments, and customer relationships. The implementation of an EVA profitability measurement system at the business unit (or lower) level requires methods for three critical tasks: (1) transfer pricing of funds; (2) allocation of indirect expenses; and (3) allocation of economic capital. Although solutions to the first two are fairly straightforward, the allocation of capital to business units is a major challenge for banks today. In contrast to the complex, “bottom-up” approach used by a number of large banks in implementing their RAROC systems, the authors propose a greatly simplified, “top-down” approach that requires calculation of only the volatility of a business's operating profit (or NOPAT). The advantage of using NOPAT volatility is that it allows EVA analysis at any level of the organization in a way that captures the volatility effects from all sources of risk (credit, interest rates, liquidity, or operations). While such a top-down approach is clearly not meant to take the place of a comprehensive, bottom-up RAROC analysis, it is intended to provide a complement–a high-level “check” on the detailed, bottom-up risk management procedures and controls now in place at most banks. Moreover, for those banks that have developed extensive funds transfer pricing, cost allocation, and RAROCstyle capital allocation systems, the EVA financial management system can either be integrated with those systems or serve as an independent economic assessment of the bank's business risks and returns.