控股股东股权质押与公司融资约束

股权质押增强了控股股东对上市公司进行策略性"市值管理"的动机,增大了上市公司与外部资金提供者之间的信息不对称,从而可能加剧公司融资约束。本文以2004-2015年间上市公司为样本,对以上假说进行了实证检验。结果表明,控股股东股权质押提高了公司的融资约束水平。同时,在国有企业、国际"四大"审计以及股票流动性较高时,控股股东股权质押的融资约束效应较弱。本文在丰富了控股股东股权质押经济后果以及融资约束等相关领域文献的同时,还具有较为重要的政策含义,上市公司的利益相关者应该关注到控股股东股权质押所产生的"负外部性"。     

控股股东股权质押与商业信用融资——基于内部控制质量和审计质量的考量

以2007-2014年我国A股上市公司为样本,研究控股股东股权质押对商业信用融资的影响.研究表明:相比于非控股股东股权质押的公司,控股股东股权质押的公司获得的商业信用融资更低,即供应商可以感知客户的控股股东股权质押风险.进一步地,以上关系只存在于审计质量和内部控制质量低的公司中;在审计质量高和内部控制质量高的公司中不显著.采用倾向匹配得分法(PSM)、工具变量法(IV)以及固定效应模型(FE)等稳健性测试后,主要结论依然存在.     

控股股东股权质押同群效应对财务重述的影响研究

随着股权质押规模的不断扩大，控股股东股权质押对公司治理的影响也越来越显著。财务重述能反映公司的治理问题，因此控股股东股权质押很可能会加剧上市公司的财务重述。本文以2018―2020年沪深A股上市公司为样本，验证了同地区上市公司控股股东股权质押存在正向的同群效应，并进一步验证了控股股东股权质押及其同群效应与公司财务重述之间的正相关关系。同时，还发现上市公司的融资约束程度和盈利水平也会在一定程度上影响控股股东股权质押，及其同群效应与财务重述之间的正相关关系。     

控股股东担保、债务融资与资金侵占

以控股股东担保为切入点,在考虑担保的连带责任风险的基础上,构建控股股东通过担保进行资金侵占的理论模型,并以2010-2014年上证A股上市公司为样本进行实证研究.研究显示:控股股东对上市公司担保显著提高了上市公司债务规模,并通过债务融资加大了资金侵占程度;现金流权在担保对债务规模和资金侵占程度影响中具有正向的调节作用,表现为控股股东向较高现金流权公司提供了更多的担保债务从而进行资金侵占.     

上市公司股权融资偏好的成本与收益分析——以海尔为例

本文基于我国上市公司的股权融资偏好现状，通过西方资本结构理论对公司融资选择的适用性分析，引入股权融资成本与收益计量模型，并以海尔作为实证样本，得出我国上市公司的股权融资成本低于债务融资成本，股权融资会在一定程度上增大企业价值的研究结论，从成本与收益两个方面对股权融资偏好行为进行了解释。     

债务融资、控股股东“掏空”行为研究综述

在我国,控股股东对公司的"掏空"行为的案例屡见不鲜,控股股东的"掏空"行为已严重影响到了上市公司正常生产经营和财务活动并最终影响到公司业绩,这极大地挫伤了中小投资者的投资信心,不利于企业的快速发展。本文对国内外控股股东"掏空"行为与债务融资的文献进行综述,得到以下结论:即债务融资可以抑制控股股东的"掏空"行为,但这种抑制效果的有效性还有待研究,从债务融资方面对控股股东"掏空"行为影响的研究资料并不多,这就给我们留下了研究空间;可以对研究样本以规模大小进行分类研究。     

市值管理动机下的控股股东股权质押融资与利益侵占

股权分置改革后,市值管理在公司治理与资本市场监管中的重要性日益突出。本文以上市公司控股股东的股权质押行为为切入点,研究控股股东市值管理动机下的融资行为及其治理效应。以2006-2011年的沪深A股上市公司为样本,本文发现市值管理有助于控股股东进行外部融资,并减少其对上市公司的利益侵占行为,表明市值管理存在治理效应。进一步研究发现,控股股东持股比例越高,市值管理对其利益侵占行为的治理效应越强。本文在国内首次对市值管理的治理效应进行了大样本的实证检验,丰富和深化了公司治理文献中基于大股东行为的研究。     

控股股东股权质押、社会责任与上市公司财务风险

为探究控股股东股权质押对上市公司财务风险的影响机理,本文选取2012—2020年我国A股上市公司作为研究样本,运用固定效应模型实证检验控股股东股权质押对上市公司财务风险的影响、不同产权性质下控股股东股权质押对上市公司财务风险的影响差异,以及企业社会责任在二者关系中的调节效应。研究结果表明：控股股东股权质押会增加上市公司的财务风险;相对于国有上市公司而言,非国有上市公司控股股东股权质押对财务风险的正向影响会更加强烈;控股股东股权质押对上市公司财务风险的影响效应在社会责任表现较差的企业中更为明显。本研究为上市公司防范财务风险,为政府与监管机构监督股权质押行为提供了新的视角和理论依据。     

上市公司股权结构对融资行为的影响

我国上市公司股份分为流通股和非流通股，两者价格的巨大差异，加上非流通股股东的控股地位，导致上市公司热衷于增发和配股等再融资方式。本文认为上市公司股权结构对其融资方式的选择会产生很大影响，从非流通股东和经营者角度考虑，股权融资是必然选择。如果股权结构不进行调整，所有股东不能做到同股同价，上市公司倾向于股权融资的状况将难以改变。     

家族企业现金持有量影响因素分析

本文分析了我国家族上市公司现金持有量的影响因素。与已有的研究结论不同,本文实证回归结果表明,家族上市公司资产负债率、董事长和总经理两职合一、现金替代物、债务融资成本与现金持有量显著负相关,公司投资机会、第一大股东持股比例、股利支付率与现金持有量显著正相关,企业规模、银行借款比重、控制权与现金流权分离度和股权制衡比例和现金持有量没有显著相关性。融资约束是影响家族企业现金持有量决策的重要因素,而且家族控股股东对上市公司主要体现为支持动机,而不是一般认为的掏空动机。     

Do controlling shareholders collude with their related large shareholders? Evidence of equity pledges and shareholding increases from China

The key for controlling shareholders to prevent the risk of equity pledge is to increase the stock price, and the large shareholders' shareholding increases have the effect of increasing the stock price. Using the data of Chinese A-share firms from 2007 to 2019, this paper examines the relationship between the controlling shareholders' equity pledges and their related large shareholders' shareholding increases. We find that when the controlling shareholders pledge equity, their related large shareholders are more likely to increase their shareholdings. By analyzing the necessity, ability and motivation of related large shareholders to provide help, we find that shareholding increases of related large shareholders are behaviors of helping controlling shareholders to mitigate the risk of equity pledge. Based on the analysis of external acquisition threats, stability heterogeneity of control rights and exogenous impact of Vanke Equity Competition, it is shown that the controlling shareholders pledging equity promote their related large shareholders to increase their shareholdings for the purpose of preventing the risk of control transfer. In further analysis, we find that the shareholding increases of related large shareholders have the practical effect of improving the stock price and preventing pledge risks. This paper proves that the controlling shareholders pledging equity collude with their related large shareholders, which is reflected in the fact that the shareholding increases of the related large shareholders have become a means for controlling shareholders to prevent the risk of equity pledge.     

Morgan Stanley Roundtable on Capital Structure and Payout Policy

A group of finance academics and practitioners discusses a number of topical issues in corporate financial management: Is there such a thing as an optimal, or value‐maximizing, capital structure for a given company? What proportion of a firm's current earnings should be distributed to the firm's shareholders? And under what circumstances should such distributions take the form of stock repurchases rather than dividends? The consensus that emerged was that a company's financing and payout policies should be designed to support its business strategy. For growth companies, the emphasis is on preserving financial fl exibility to carry out the business plan, which means heavy reliance on equity financing and limited payouts. But for companies in mature industries with few major investment opportunities, more aggressive use of debt and higher payouts can add value by reducing taxes and controlling the corporate “free cash flow problem.” Both leveraged financing and cash distributions through dividends and stock buybacks represent a commitment by management to shareholders that the firm's excess cash will not be wasted on projects that produce growth at the expense of profitability. As for the choice between dividends and stock repurchases, dividends appear to provide a stronger commitment to pay out excess cash than open market repurchase programs. Stock buybacks, at least of the open market variety, preserve a higher degree of managerial fl exibility for companies that want to be able to capitalize on unpredictable investment opportunities. But, as with the debt‐equity decision, there is an optimal level of financial fl exibility; too little can mean lost investment opportunities but too much can lead to overinvestment.     

股权质押下的控股股东增持:“价值信号”还是“行为信号”？

在股权质押的背景下,理性的控股股东会利用投资者的有限理性,通过增持向市场发送行为信号来提振股价,以缓解控制权转移风险。研究发现:股权质押下控股股东更有可能增持;短期内增持公告产生了正向的市场反应,其程度在非质押组和质押组间无显著差异;而长期来看,增持后质押组的长期股价以及经营绩效表现弱于其对照组,而非质押组则好于其对照组,说明股权质押下的增持并不是价值信号,而是行为信号。进一步研究发现,质押对增持的正向效应在高平仓压力组、低公司质量组、监管环境较宽松的欠发达地区更显著。拓展性检验表明,在考虑减持影响后,股权质押下控股股东更倾向于通过二级市场买卖和竞价交易实施净增持,并且管理层与其他大股东也会在一定程度上迎合控股股东的增持行为。最后本文排除了传统增持动机假说对上述结论的替代性解释。     

Multiple large shareholders, control contests, and implied cost of equity

In this paper, we examine whether the presence of multiple large shareholders alleviates a firm's agency costs and information asymmetry manifested in the cost of equity financing. Using data for 1165 corporations from 8 East Asian and 13 Western European countries, we find evidence that the implied cost of equity decreases with the presence, number, and voting size of large shareholders beyond the controlling owner. We also find that the identity of the second largest shareholder is important in determining the risk of corporate expropriation in family-controlled firms. Our regional analysis reveals that, mainly in East Asian firms, multiple large shareholders structures exert an internal governance role in curbing private benefits and reducing information asymmetry, perhaps to sidestep deficiencies in the external institutional environment.     

Controlling shareholder share pledging and the cost of equity capital: Evidence from China

We propose and test the incentive view—that the margin call pressure and ownership-control discrepancy associated with insider share pledging increase investors’ perceived risk, and thus also the cost of equity capital, in an emerging market. Using a controlling shareholder share pledging sample for Chinese listed firms, we find that firms with share pledging have a cost of equity capital that is 23.7 basis points higher than firms without share pledging. Further, share pledging increases the cost of equity capital through the information risks and agency conflicts channels. Cross-sectional analyses show that share pledging has a stronger effect on the cost of equity capital in non-state-owned enterprises, firms without monitoring of multiple large shareholders, firms with controlling shareholders assuming the position of chairperson, and firms with a weak institutional environment. In addition, using the global financial crisis and the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) as quasi-natural experiments, we disentangle the potential confounding effect of firm fundamentals and show that share pledging is positively associated with the cost of equity capital. Overall, the results are consistent with our incentive view that share pledging increases the cost of equity capital in an emerging market.     

Institutional quality,economic freedom and stock market volatility in the MENA region

How can a government help secure low-cost equity financing? This study offers an answer that a government can secure sustainable economic progress when policies of economic freedom are well institutionalized in a way that results in low equity volatility, thus low-cost equity financing. This study examines the quantitative and empirical associations between elements of Economic Freedom Index (being treated in this study as a proxy for institutional quality) and stock market volatility. The authors classify the institutional quality into three levels: high, medium and low. The data cover the years 1996–2014 for the MENA countries. The statistical tests include fixed and random effects, linearity versus non-linearity. The results show that stock market volatility can be mitigated and reduced when economic freedom is associated with an effective enforcement of law and efficient regulations. Nevertheless, the high freedom from corruption results in active equity trading which is associated with high volatility that leads in turn to high cost of equity financing. The study contributes to the literature in terms of offering practical insights on the pillars of economic freedom that policymakers must improve in order to mitigate or reduce equity volatility, therefore cost of equity financing.     

Share pledges,tone of earnings communication conferences,and market reaction: evidence from China

We investigate how share pledging affects firms’ disclosures and influences investors in Chinese stock market. The tone of firm disclosures when there are shares pledged by controlling shareholders is more positive than that of firms without them. Considering tone inflation motivation and ability simultaneously, we find share pledge risk has an inverted U‐shaped relation with tone. Investors react positively to tone in short‐run windows, and firms with controlling shareholders’ pledges have higher stock returns for earnings communication conferences. We identify an inverted U‐shaped link between margin distance of controlling shareholders and stock returns for earnings communication conferences.     

大股东股权质押与上市公司资本运作

资本运作一方面可以提高股价,另一方面可以让公司股票停牌,那么是否会成为大股东度过质押风险的方式呢？基于此,本文以2007—2018年我国A股上市公司为研究对象,考察了大股东股权质押对上市公司资本运作的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)大股东股权质押比例越高,上市公司进行资本运作的可能性越大; 这一关系在质押股权面临的平仓风险越高和非国有控股的上市公司中更为显著。(2)机制检验发现,随着质押比例的提高,上市公司进行资本运作后的停牌时间越长;从股价提升的效果来看,资本运作在短期内能提高股价,缓解质押风险,但从长期来看效果并不显著。(3)上市公司进行资本运作的方式主要为股权转让、资产收购和资产剥离;其中,大股东主要利用资产收购和资产剥离增加停牌时间,利用股权转让助推股价。在控制了潜在的内生性问题影响以及各种稳健性检验下,上述结论仍然成立。     

MORGAN STANLEY ROUNDTABLE ON Capital Structure and Payout Policy

A group of distinguished finance academics and practitioners discuss a number of topical issues in corporate financial management: Is there such a thing as an optimal, or value‐maximizing, capital structure for a given company? What proportion of a firm's current earnings should be distributed to the firm's shareholders? And under what circumstances should such distributions take the form of stock repurchases rather than dividends? The consensus that emerges is that a company's financing and payout policies should be designed to support its business strategy. For growth companies, the emphasis is on preserving financial flexibility to carry out the business plan, which means heavy reliance on equity financing and limited payouts. But for companies in mature industries with few major investment opportunities, more aggressive use of debt and higher payouts can add value both by reducing taxes and controlling the corporate free cash flow problem. In such cases, both leveraged financing and cash distributions through dividends and stock buybacks signal management's commitment to its shareholders that the firm's excess cash will not be wasted on projects that produce low‐return growth that comes at the expense of profitability. As for the choice between dividends and stock repurchases, dividends provide a stronger commitment to pay out excess cash than open market repurchase programs. Stock buybacks, at least of the open market variety, preserve more flexibility for companies that want to be able to capitalize on unpredictable investment opportunities. But, as with the debt‐equity decision, there is an optimal level of financial flexibility: too little can mean lost investment opportunities, but too much can lead to overinvestment.     

Shareholders' control rights,family ownership and the firm's leverage decisions

We investigate the association between controlling shareholders' ownership (CS_Own) and firms' leverage decisions in the Singaporean context. We examine whether the impact of ownership concentration on leverage differs across excess and lower control. We report that shareholders with excess control prefer leverage financing for an optimal capital structure and focus on value maximisation rather using leverage as a tool of minority shareholders' expropriation. Our analysis shows that firms capital structure significantly influences by the coalition of shareholders particularly decisions about leverage financing in addition to the firms' specific characteristics and institutional arrangements. Our empirical evidence shows that controlling shareholders with a lower fraction of equity are more concerned about limited holding thus prefer leverage over equity financing to inflate their equity stake to protect them from the potential takeovers and mergers. We report that capital structure decisions in Singapore are linked with the trade-off between the controlling shareholders' target of mitigating firm risk and their non-dilution entrenchment needs. Further, we found an inverted U-shaped association between control ownership and leverage financing. In terms of moderating effect of family-controlled ownership, our findings exhibit that leverage financing is less pronounced for family firms in Singapore due to the under-diversified investment portfolio.