一种便捷的网络备份实现方法

随着电信业的不断发展,人们普遍通过公用数据分组交换网和数字数据网来组建广域网,通信平台则采用TCP/IP协议,但有时当路由器、X.25、DDN专线或光纤发生故障时,需要一种简单、实用、快捷的网络备份手段,以确保业务的正常运行。笔者在实践中通过将Windows 2000服务器设置成路由器,利用分布最为广泛的公共电话网,实现了中支与所辖三个县、市支行的网络备份,确保了网络     

用Cisco路由器实现轮循拨号备份

我单位用DDN 64K专线作为主通讯线路,用PSTN作为备份.各网点用Cisco2501路由器,该路由器有一个异步口Aux.各支行都有一台Modem,一根备用电话线.中心机房采用Cisco2511作为异步拨号服务器(共有16个异步口),采用6个异步口,6根备用电话线.原先采用按组拨号的方式,即几个网点分在一组,共用Cisco2511一个异步口和备用线路,共有6个不同子网.但这种方式有局限性,如果该子网同时有两个网点有通讯要求,就只能有一个网点可以通讯,另一个网点则不能通讯.而Cisco2511路由器其它的子线路资源却空暇,不能利用.采用轮循拨号方式,所有网点和中心路由设计在一个子网里,任何一个网点的备用线路都可以拨通Cisco2511路由器的6条备用电话线中的任何一条.如果所拨的线路占线,可以自动拨入下一条线路,直到最后一条线路,且我行很少出现6个网点同时线路不通的情况,从而可充分利用现有资源.准备工作是申请6部电话联选,选一个作为中继号码.本文的中继号码是2854731.网络结构如图1所示.     

内联网非法外联监测系统使用中的路由器设置

内联网非法外联监测系统是人民银行总行推广使用的一套旨在防范内联网用户非法外联,以保护内联网安全的应用软件。该软件的推广,极大地方便了地市中支计算机网络的安全管理。但由于地市中支除对本地局域网用户进行监测外,还负责对所辖县支行的网络监测,所以,对于采用专线动态路由加按需拨号备份路由配置的路由器来说,由于监测系统轮询频率较高,导致在专线正常的情况     

SCO UNIX访问主机系统配置新法

肇庆市农村信用社综合业务网络系统采用三层网络结构，采用二级主干，网络中心、县级中心和市区所有网点之间构成一级主干网，全部使用帧中继，通过PSTN／ISDN作为备份。县中心和所辖网点之间构成二级主干网，大部份也是使用帧中继的线路。对于那些帧中继线路不能到达的网点，可以直接通过在UNIX系统下以拨号方式访问联社二级中心的路由器，进而访问核心主机设备。联社二级中心路由器针对各拨号网点固定分配IP地址并配置相应的拨号端口。     

实现网络线路备份的一种方法

随着央行业务的不断发展,一些新式的网络型业务系统被推广应用,如会计“四集中”系统。网络的稳定性已成为影响网络型业务系统正常运转的关健,如果网络只提供一条电路,是不可靠的,必须考虑网络线路备份,笔者结合本行实际,详述一种实现网络线路备份的方法,供同行参考。 一、原网络 中支租用一条2M数字电路,每个县支行租用     

利用路由器CallBack功能实现拨号网络的安全控制

集中式网络是金融系统网络业务发展的必然趋势，它对通讯线路的依赖性较高，基层营业网点到网络分支中心的线路一般采用电信部门的 DDN为主线，选择目前普及程度最高、成本最低的 PSTN拨号线路为备份线路。当 DDN主线出现故障时，根据 DDR路由选择，自动启用 PSTN拨号备份线路，网络能提供连续的连接服务。由于 PSTN是一种公用的通讯电话网，拨号备份网络便成了黑客攻击的目标。拨号备份网络的一些安全隐患可能会威胁到整个网络系统的安全，因此加强拨号备份网络的安全控制就显得非常重要。 拨号备份网络一般采用 PPP网络协议，…     

用浮动的静态路由使X．25为帧中继做备份

金融企业在进行关键业务数据的网络传输时，要求网络设备具有高度的可靠性，这就要求利用路由器的备份功能。人民银行焦作市中心支行在最近的网络改造项目中，采用帧中继线路来替代原来的Ｘ．２５分组专线后，确实提高了速度和可靠性，但是替换下来的Ｘ．２５分组专线如何处理呢？我们决定采用浮动的静态路由技术使Ｘ．２５专线作帧中继的备份。这样，如果帧中继出现故障，路由器会自动启动Ｘ．２５分组建立连接，保证了整个网络的可靠性。下面介绍一下浮动的静态路由备份技术。 在缺省状态下，Ｃｉｓｃｏ路由器选择路由的顺序为静态路由→…     

网络备份实施方案

当网络上的设备发生故障时，网络就将停止正确的数据传输，这将导致部分网络用户被切断或整个网络崩溃。因此，作为关键业务数据的网络传输系统，要求网络设备必须提供高度的可靠性和时效性，能自动备份并且维护方便。网络备份方案主要有路由器自身的备份技术和线路备份技术。     

在SCO UNIX 5.0.5中备份路由表

目前人民银行的电子联行"天地对接"、电子联行到县以及会计核算"四集中"系统均使用的是 SCO UNIX 操作系统,并通过路由器来实现与各商业银行网点、县支行连接通讯。为避免因路由表的丢失而造成网络无法正常通讯,需要各行定期备份路由表。然而分行和中心支行一般部没有配备专用的网管软件,各应用系统服务器如何在 SCO UNIX 环境下备份与之相连的路由器的路由表,就显得尤为重要,下面浅谈一下作者的     

双CISCO路由器自动备份中节省分组费用的实现

在网络的应用中,因特殊业务需要使用路由器间的自动备份,为了使用路由器的动态备份,必须使用动态路由协议,而动态路由要定时向外发广播,在分组网上使用动态路由造成费用的增加。本文就是在这样的前提下,根据路由的选择算法,并利用 CISCO 路由器的特性,提出一种解决减少费用的办法。根据实际应用,通信费用(计时费和信息费)可以下降80%。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

我国助学贷款改革刍议--"双担保"机制设计

国家新出台的助学贷款政策,还不过是既有的框架下的局部调整,存在诸多不完善的地方。为此,对国家助学贷款应构建高校与就业单位的“双担保”机制。从长期来看,要构建一个系统有效的“政府部门管理和商业银行运作相结合”、“多层次、多渠道、多方式”、“担保和非担保、贴息和非贴息、市场和非市场运作互相补充”的中国教育金融框架。     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

证券公司集中交易的广域网平台解决方案

一、证券业务发展趋势概述目前，我国金融机构正面临着前所未有的挑战。一方面，国内金融机构亟待解决增加赢利、加强风险管理和提高工作效率等诸多传统问题；另一方面，随着我国加入WTO，金融市场将逐步开放，国际竞争在所难免，国内金融企业将面临来自外资金融企业的全面竞争