大股东控制权对股权激励效果的影响

本文分析了大股东控制权实现过程中对管理层股权激励的监督或冲突作用以及这种影响在不同股权性质和不同成长性公司中的不同表现。研究发现:大股东控制对管理层的作用显著影响股权激励效果;国有控股上市公司大股东对管理层的监督作用明显,随着第一大股东持股比例的增大,管理层股权激励效果增强;民营控股上市公司大股东控制权与管理层股权激励之间存在冲突,第一大股东持股比例越高,股权激励效果越差;高新技术企业大股东控制权与管理层股权激励之间存在冲突;非高新技术企业中第一大股东与管理层之间存在不明显的监督作用。本文的研究结论从股权激励的公司治理环境角度解答了我国股权激励效果不佳的困惑,为不同类型的上市公司启用管理层股权激励方案时考虑适宜的公司治理环境特别是大股东控制程度提供了经验证据。     

国外关于最优股权结构与股权制衡的文献综述

国外关于最优股权结构的研究导致了股权制衡理论的出现。制衡的股权结构有助于解决公司治理的两类委托代理问题。本文的研究发现:(1)和传统的认识不同,多个大股东相互制衡的股权结构是普遍存在的;(2)从理论上来说,股权制衡是股权结构的一种均衡状态,在上市公司与非上市公司,家族企业与非家族企业中均存在;(3)股权制衡有助于限制大股东对小股东的掠夺行为,减少控制权溢价,对企业的绩效有正面的影响。     

所有权、负债与大股东利益侵占——来自中国控制权转移公司的证据

负债的公司治理作用是公司财务研究的重要问题。已有文献探讨了负债在股权分散公司中的公司治理作用,而在股权集中公司中负债对大股东与中小股东之间的代理问题的影响,已有的经验证据相当有限。本文以我国国有控制权转移上市公司为样本,研究了负债在股权集中公司中的治理作用。研究发现,负债与大股东的利益侵占存在显著正相关关系;相对于国有控股公司来说,私有公司的负债水平更高,其原因在于私有大股东通过负债对中小股东利益的侵占程度高于国有大股东。本文提供了负债与大股东利益侵占之间关系的直接证据,揭示了大股东通过负债侵占中小股东利益的行为,以及所有权性质对大股东通过负债侵占小股东利益行为的影响。     

股权集中与投资者利益保护——基于我国上市公司的实证分析

公司的股权集中度问题是公司不同主体利益分配和剩余索取权安排的基础问题,同时也是公司治理的核心。股权集中的程度决定了公司代理问题的基本性质,即在公司治理过程中面临的主要冲突是存在于管理者与股东之间还是控股股东与中小股东之间,学者们对此却有着不同的见解。同时,学术界在用何种指标来衡量投资者利益保护问题上,也未达成一致意见。本文从公司治理理论出发,构建投资者利益保护评价指标体系,研究公司股权集中度与投资者利益保护之间的关系。实证结果表明,公司第一大股东持股比例越大,越不利于投资者保护;公司股东的持股比例差距越小、分布越均衡,越利于投资者保护;同时,第一大股东与第二大股东持股比例的比值不宜过大,两大股东的股权制衡,有利于投资者利益的保护。相对于股权集中,公司股权的制衡是更有利于投资者的利益保护。     

大股东制衡机制对审计意见的影响——来自深市509家上市公司的经验数据

本文选取深市509家上市公司2004年度的相关数据为研究样本。从公司治理角度分析前三大股东的持股比例以及他们之间的股权制衡对上市公司审计意见的影响。运用Logistic回归模型分析得出：第一大股东持股比例与上市公司年报被出具非标准审计意见的可能性负相关，并且两者存在正“U”形关系。第二、第三大股东对第一大股东的监督制衡能力较弱，并没有充分利用外部审计约束的作用来保护其他股东的权益。     

大股东控制权收益的分享与控制机制研究

大股东控制企业一方面有助于降低股东与经营者之间的代理成本,提高公司价值,另一方面也伴随着大股东对中小股东利益的掠夺。相应地,公司的控制权收益可以分为共享收益和私有收益两大部分。为限制控股股东对中小股东利益的掠夺,应当建立起激励相容的大股东与中小股东对控制权共享收益的分享机制,增加大股东对共享收益的分享份额,同时,通过完善独立董事制度、审计委员会制度、强化对大股东行为的法律约束机制等措施控制大股东对公司的掏空行为。     

大股东收益对公司价值影响的研究——基于上市公司2005—2008年的经验数据

本文以我国2005—2008年存在控制性股权转让的69个上市公司为研究对象,从大股东对上市公司超控制权收益攫取的视角,研究了控制权成本补偿与超控制权收益的划分以及大股东收益对公司价值的影响。研究发现,在我国特殊的制度背景下,大股东在控制权转移过程中获取的控制权收益都是超控制权收益,其与公司价值之间存在明显的线性关系;我国存在控制性股权转移的上市公司的公司价值与现金流权比例正相关,与控制权比例不相关,与控制权和现金流权的分离度以及超控制权收益显著负相关,与公司规模、资产负债率等不相关。     

大股东收益对公司价值影响的研究——基于上市公司2005—2008年的经验数据

本文以我国2005—2008年存在控制性股权转让的69个上市公司为研究对象,从大股东对上市公司超控制权收益攫取的视角,研究了控制权成本补偿与超控制权收益的划分以及大股东收益对公司价值的影响。研究发现,在我国特殊的制度背景下,大股东在控制权转移过程中获取的控制权收益都是超控制权收益,其与公司价值之间存在明显的线性关系;我国存在控制性股权转移的上市公司的公司价值与现金流权比例正相关,与控制权比例不相关,与控制权和现金流权的分离度以及超控制权收益显著负相关,与公司规模、资产负债率等不相关。     

大股东控制的微观结构、激励效应与堑壕效应——国外公司治理前沿研究的新趋势

大股东控制已经成为经济学界和财务学界理论与实证研究的热点问题之一。本文回顾了公司治理领域关于大股东控制问题的最新研究成果，主要包括大股东控制存在的普遍性、大股东控制权与现金流权的分离模式、大股东控制的激励效应和堑壕效应，梳理了该领域的研究脉络，并对主要发现和结论进行总结和评论。文献研究表明，股权集中的内在机制不仅在于大股东有动力和机会增加所有股东都可以获得的共享收益，而且大股东可以通过消耗公司资源来获得小股东无法分享的控制权隐性收益，并导致企业价值的下降。最后，结合中国资本市场和公司治理结构的实际情况，提出了未来研究的新方向。     

控制权与公司绩效：中国民营上市公司ST化的合理解释

从股权结构的角度对控制权指标进行选定和度量,以主营业务收益率、管理费用除以主营业务收益的比率作为公司控制权在经营绩效上的反映,建立了一个股权分散、控制权弱化与公司经营绩效的因果模型,并以中国ST民营企业数据进行实证。结果表明,公司的ST化与股权的制衡化以及第一大股东对董事会、总经理的直接控制能力下降(控制权弱化)存在显著正相关关系。因此,现代企业应该强化第一大股东的控制权,控制权转移应和股权转让相一致,才能有利于我国上市公司的长远发展。     

The Cost of Multiple Large Shareholders

Previous research argues that large noncontrolling shareholders enhance firm value because they deter expropriation by the controlling shareholder. We propose that the conflicting incentives faced by large shareholders may induce a nonlinear relationship between the relative size of large shareholdings and firm value. Consistent with this prediction, we present evidence that there are costs to having a second (and third) largest shareholder, especially when the largest shareholdings are similar in size. Our results are robust to various relative size proxies, firm performance measures, model specifications, and potential endogeneity issues.     

Multiple large shareholders and firm value

This paper investigates the effects of having multiple large shareholders on the valuation of firms. Using data on Finnish listed firms, we show, consistent with our model, that a more equal distribution of votes among large blockholders has a positive effect on firm value. This result is particularly strong in family-controlled firms suggesting that families (which typically have managerial or board representation) are more prone to private benefit extraction if they are not monitored by another strong blockholder. We also show that the relation between multiple blockholders and firm value is significantly affected by the identity of these blockholders.     

Dominant institutional owners and firm value

This research analyzes the impact of control by dominant institutional owners (banking institutions and investment funds) on firm value. The analysis considers the level of voting rights in the hands of the dominant institutional owner and other large shareholders. The results reveal a different effect on value depending on whether the dominant institutional investor is a banking institution or an investment fund. Moreover, the results show that the presence of other large shareholders affects firm value when a dominant institutional owner controls the firm.     

The Role of Multiple Large Shareholders in the Choice of Debt Source

This paper examines the effect of multiple large shareholders (MLS) on debt choice. Using a sample of 654 French‐listed firms over the period 1998‐2013, we find that reliance on bank debt increases with the presence and voting power of MLS. This result is robust to endogeneity concerns and to several sensitivity tests. Moreover, we find that the effect of MLS on debt choice is more pronounced when agency problems between controlling and minority shareholders are more severe. Taken together, our results suggest that MLS reduce the controlling owner's incentive to avoid bank monitoring, leading to greater reliance on bank debt.     

Personal Taxation in Firm Market Valuation: Theory and Test*

In this paper, I extend Ohlson's 1995 firm market valuation model to incorporate personal taxes: the taxes on dividends and the taxes on capital gains. Without personal taxes, firm market value can be expressed as the present value of future benefits received by the shareholders (dividends, in this case). With personal taxes, the benefits received by the shareholders should be classified into three categories (due to their different tax treatments): dividends, share repurchases, and new share issues (i.e., contributed capital). The extended model shows the effects of personal taxation on firm market valuation: retained earnings are valued less than contributed stocks, both dividends taxes and capital gains taxes affect retained earnings valuation and firm market value, and firms choose cash distribution methods (paying dividends and repurchasing shares) to increase their retained earnings valuation, therefore increasing their market value. An empirical test using a sample from the Disclosure Select Canada and Financial Post Card data bases for the years 1995‐98 supports these personal tax effects.     

Does ownership structure affect value? A panel data analysis for the Spanish market

This paper analyzes the influence of ownership structure on firm value. We find a non-significant relationship between the ownership of large blockholders and firm value. We also find a positive effect of the degree of control with regard to firm value. Endogenous treatment of these variables then reveals a positive effect for the ownership by major shareholders on firm value, although the opposite relationship is not significant; and a positive effect of the degree of control on Tobin's Q and vice versa. A positive effect is seen when the major shareholders are individuals.     

Equity value,implied cost of equity and shareholders’ real options

This study investigates the effects of shareholders’ real options on (i) firm financial performance and (ii) estimations of the implied cost of equity. After measuring the equity value of steady‐state operations using the residual income model, and the abandonment and expansion options using the Black‐Scholes option pricing model, I find that firms with a large expansion (abandonment) option value experience better (worse) financial performance than those with a small such value. I also find that ignoring these options results in a downward bias in implied cost of equity estimates by an average of 1.23 percentage points.     

Multiple Large Shareholders and Financial Reporting Quality: Evidence from China

In this paper, we examine the effect of multiple large shareholders (MLS) on financial reporting quality. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms over the period 2007–2018, we find that firms with MLS tend to have lower financial reporting quality. Our findings are robust to an array of robustness tests, including controlling for possible omitted variables, a Heckman two-step sample selection model, and a difference-in-differences analysis based on a propensity score matched sample. We further show that the effect of MLS on financial reporting quality is attenuated for firms followed by more analysts, cross-listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and held by institutional blockholders. Finally, we find that agency problems appear to be the possible underlying mechanisms through which MLS lower financial reporting quality.     

Corporate governance and firm value: Evidence from Chinese state-controlled listed firms

The association between corporate governance and firm value has been extensively studied in Chinese listed firms. Based on the characteristics of their ultimate shareholders, Chinese listed firms can be categorised as (1) central state-controlled, (2) local state-controlled or (3) non-state-controlled. Some scholars have described Chinese government policy as ‘zhuada fangxiao’, thus suggesting that the corporate governance mechanisms (CGMs) of central state-controlled listed firms (SCLFs) are better than those of local state-controlled listed firms. Therefore, this paper specifically examines the influence of CGMs on the value of central SCLFs and local SCLFs. Analysis of 2006 firm-year observations from 2007 to 2009 suggests that the aggregate ownership of other large shareholders and the remuneration of top executives exhibit different effects on firm value in central and local SCLFs. The results also provide evidence that there is no endogenous effect of firm value on the ownership of the largest shareholder in central and local SCLFs.     

The real effects of proxy advisors on the firm

This paper examines the influence of proxy advisors (PA) on firm voting outcomes, policies, and value. We measure PA influence with shareholders' historical propensity to follow PA recommendations. PA influence increases the impact of PA recommendations on proxy voting outcomes and firm policies. When shareholders have private incentives to engage in costly research in the absence of a proxy advisor, PA influence neither harms nor benefits shareholder value. However, at firms with dispersed shareholders PA influence can increase value. Our findings are consistent with theories of voting in which proxy advisors compete with private information acquisition efforts by large shareholders.