提升直接税比重强化调节功能

提高直接税比重是税制改革所需迫切解决的重要议题,构建直接税体系,更符合税负公平和量能纳税为原则的现代税法核心,但是,由于征管手段、既得利益者阻力等原因,至今未取得实质性突破,因此必须破除种种障碍,逐步提高直接税比重,发挥直接税和间接税的各自优势。     

优化税制结构:逐步提高直接税比重

目前我国税制结构的主要问题是直接税比重偏低,影响政府目标的实现。当前已具备提高直接税比重的条件,应通过税制改革,以"稳定税负"为前提,在此前提下,主要进行税制内部结构的优化调整,即在降低间接税比重的同时,逐步提高直接税比重。     

提高我国直接税比重的难点与对策北大核心CSSCI

逐步提高直接税的比重是我国深化财税体制改革的重要内容之一。提高直接税比重改革是一个系统工程,受到经济发展水平、税收征管水平、传统文化等因素的影响与制约。本文分析了提高直接税比重的难点,并提出了相关建议。     

税系、税类结构对经济增长的影响研究

自1994年工商税改革以来，中国税制结构不断趋于合理和完善，间接税比重不断下降，直接税比重不断增加，逐渐形成了以直接税和间接税并重的双主体税制结构。本文通过考察税制结构对经济增长的影响发现：在税系结构上，相比间接税，直接税比例的提高有助于经济的增长；在税类结构上，流转税类、所得税类、行为目的税类比重的增加不利于经济增长，而财产税类、资源税类比重的增加对经济增长产生积极影响。综合以上实证结果，提出提高直接税比重、完善个人和企业的所得税制度、加强间接税内部税种的设计等建议。     

微言大义

贾康(财政部财政科学研究所所长):深化税改应提高直接税比重总体来看,中国税制改革的目标取向应当是:适当降低间接税比重,提高直接税比重,实现结构性减税与结构性增税的优化平衡,建立一个能适应和有效调节经济波动,体     

OECD成员国税收演变规律及其借鉴——基于国民收入分配理论

本文在国民收入分配理论框架下,研究了经济合作与发展组织(OECD)成员国税收在初次分配环节和再分配环节的分配情况,以及不同税收发挥的作用。从整体上,OECD成员国再分配环节的直接税占GDP的比重远远高于初次分配环节间接税占GDP的比重,直接税占总税收的比重也明显高于间接税占总税收的比重,直接税在OECD成员国的税制结构中发挥着重要的调节作用。OECD成员国税收演变规律为我国进行税制改革提供了经验借鉴。     

论直接税与间接税的合理搭配

直接税与间接税搭配问题是税收理论与实践中的一个基本问题,但目前国内外对于两者的理解和认识仍然存在诸多分歧。本文围绕直接税与间接税搭配的理论依据和发展演变展开研究,分析了直接税与间接税的定义、范围和优缺点,总结出两者相互搭配关系的演变规律。在此基础上,本文提出了我国推进税制改革、优化税制的建议。认为,我国正处在提高直接税比重、削减间接税比重的阶段中,但优化税制结构是一个较为长期的过程。本文从近期和中长期两个方面提出了推进税制改革的措施。     

直接税与间接税税负水平和税收结构的国际比较

高税负国家人均收入水平比较高,其税负和税收收入中直接税所占的比重较大;中等税负国家税收结构表现出以直接税为主或者直接税与间接税并重的特点;低税负国家税收结构表现出直接税与间接税并重或者以间接税为主的特点.直接税税负水平比较高的国家都是高收入国家,间接税税负水平比较高的国家都是低收入国家,随着经济的发展、总体税负水平的上升,直接税税负水平呈上升趋势.     

对逐步提高直接税比重的认识

党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》（以下简称《决定》）中,在“深化财税体制改革”部分明确提出要“逐步提高直接税比重”。“逐步提高直接税比重”虽然只有短短九个字,却意蕴丰富。     

优化税制结构,强化财政监督

在以直接税为主体的税制结构中,纳税人会有积极性去监督财政活动。而在间接税为主体的税制结构中,由于税负转嫁的存在,纳税人就缺乏动力去监督财政活动。在我国经济转轨阶段,应逐步优化税制结构,实行以直接税和间接税双重主体的税制,提高直接税在税收总量中的比重,以提高财政支出效率。     

When are preferred shares preferred? Theory and empirical evidence

This paper demonstrates that preferred stock may arise as an optimal security in a tax-induced equilibrium. This result is driven by graduated tax schedules and by uncertainty. In a more general sense, our results can be interpreted as a template for including any security with a different tax treatment in a firm's capital structure. The first part of the paper demonstrates that the Miller equilibrium framework can accommodate more than two securities if different investor classes are taxed differently on each security and the tax schedule for each investor group is upward sloping. We then simplify the tax schedule, but introduce uncertainty, which implies the possibility of bankruptcy and the possible loss of tax shelters. The interaction of tax rates and seniority now affects the contribution of each security to after-tax firm value, as in some states the firm may not be able to pay either interest (or dividends) or even principal to its various claimholders. It is shown why and how these features, i.e. the various tax rates and seniority, determine the financing equilibrium, which is obtained by equating the expected marginal tax benefit of all securities. We demonstrate that non-profitable firms will tend to issue preferred shares whereas profitable firms will not find preferred stock advantageous in our framework. Comparative statics with respect to various tax rates are derived as well. These predictions are tested using a large sample of firms for the last 25 years. The empirical testing broadly confirms the theoretical predictions.     

Rational early exercise of call options: Australian evidence

Alpert (2010) develops a detailed analysis of the conditions for rational early exercise of call options in the presence of taxes. Using Alpert’s analysis as the theoretical framework, we examine the early exercise of call options in Australia over the period from 1 January 2001 to 30 June 2008. We find that exercises occurring on the last cum‐dividend trading day can be fully explained by non‐tax reasons, whilst taxation is a potential explanation for a large proportion of the early exercises that occur at other times.     

“十四五”时期的个人所得税改革展望

个人所得税在调节收入分配、实现社会公平方面具有重要作用。“十四五”时期的改革部署中明确提出了健全直接税体系,提高直接税比重的要求。因此,“十四五”时期个人所得税改革的重点在于提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重,同时实现税收公平目标。对比近两年国外个人所得税发展趋势,发现我国个人所得税存在收入占比较低、劳动所得税负较重等问题。可以从多方面入手解决问题。一是将资本所得纳入综合所得计税范围,同时推进现代化税收征管,避免税收流失,以提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重。二是通过完善专项附加扣除政策,进一步降低中低收入群体的税收负担,实现税收公平。三是优化高端人才税收优惠政策,提高人力资本积累对高质量发展的贡献。     

我国现行税制收入分配效应的实证分析

本文以我国城镇居民为研究对象,通过构建税收分配效应、税收累进性模型,实证分析了我国整体税制及主要税种的收入分配效应,研究结果表明：我国的直接税发挥了收入分配的正效应,间接税发挥了收入分配的负效应,受税制结构影响,我国整体税制的收入分配效应为负.提高直接税比例、适当降低间接税比例以优化税制结构是我国今后税制改革的重点.     

税制结构演变的国际经验与中国展望

税制结构的演变受到经济因素、政府政策目标、国家和社会关系的影响和约束,具有普遍的规律性。考察世界各国税制结构的演变历程可以发现,发达国家税制结构和税种结构均比较稳定,直接税占比高但税种分散,货物与劳务税仍为最大的单一税种;发展中国家税制结构相对稳定但税种结构呈趋势性变化,个人所得税和企业所得税均稳中有升。个人所得税和社会保障缴款是国家间税制结构差异的主要来源,企业所得税负担的国际竞争面临深刻变化。当前我国已基本形成了双主体税制结构,直接税收入中所得类税收、企业主体税收占比较高。鉴于此,我国应在强化均贫富、促消费的目标下,提高个人所得税比重、完善财产税制度、加强自然人税源管理;在新经济增长模式下,对增值税进行适应性调整和税负优化。     

The welfare comparison of corrective ad valorem and unit taxes under monopolistic competition

The ad valorem versus unit tax debate has traditionally emphasized tax yield. On this criterion, ad valorem taxes outperform unit taxes in terms of welfare for a wide range of imperfect competition settings including Dixit–Stiglitz monopolistic competition. However, in a number of policy fields such as environmental, health, and trade economics, policy makers use taxes to reduce the production/consumption volume in an industry, i.e., to correct an externality rather than to improve tax yield. This paper compares the two tax instruments with respect to equal corrective effect in a Dixit–Stiglitz setting with love of variety, entry, exit, and redistribution of tax revenues. We find that unit taxes lead to more firms in the industry, less output per firm, less tax revenue, but higher welfare compared to ad valorem taxes.      

中国的经济增长、需求约束与税收结构

在我国目前的经济增长中,出现了投资需求过热而消费需求不足的结构性失衡状况。为此,可以把税收结构引入汉森-萨缪尔森模型,来研究税收结构对投资和消费的影响。通过实证研究发现,在税收结构中,流转税(间接税)比重的增加对投资增长有激励作用,而对边际消费倾向没有显著影响;所得税和其他税(代表了直接税)比重的增加,有利于抑制投资和过快的经济增长,相反,可以提高边际消费倾向,从而促进消费。     

Can firm-specific dividend drop-off ratios be used to infer shareholder marginal tax rates?

In a seminal study, Elton and Gruber (1970) argue that ex-dividend day pricing can be used to infer marginal tax rates of shareholders. We examine ex-dividend day pricing for individual firms and ask whether their CFOs could use the history of a firm's ex-dividend price-drop ratios to infer reasonable estimates of shareholders’ marginal tax rates. We use TAQ data for 1,124 US firms that have at least 30 ex-dividend days during the period August 1993 to October 2012. Our results show that ex-dividend day pricing is so noisy as to prohibit sensible estimates of shareholders’ marginal tax rates.     

Cost of capital equations under the Australian imputation tax system

Since the introduction of the Australian imputation tax system, there have been problems both in the measurement of the market value of franking (imputation tax) credits and in their application to estimating cash flows and the cost of capital. In the present paper, we provide a convenient and robust resolution to the above problems in the context of an internally consistent set of equations for the cost of capital, asset valuation and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The equations apply under both classical and imputation tax systems and under differential taxation of dividends, capital gains and interest. The simple form of the CAPM presented here is shown to encompass more complex versions of the CAPM, which attempt to accommodate the effect of personal taxes. The valuation equations require an estimate of the market value of $1 of the firm's dividends, within which is embedded the market value of the imputation tax credits. Separate estimates of the value of imputation tax credits, or Officer's gamma factor, are not required.     

Taxes and stabilization in contemporary macroeconomic models

The role of proportional and procyclic labor income taxes for automatic stabilization with stochastic productivity is analyzed in a contemporary macroeconomic model based on imperfect competition. The importance of short-run nominal wage rigidity for the effectiveness of progressive taxes on labor income for stabilizing output and raising household welfare is examined in a model that yields complete analytical solutions with stochastic output shocks. Increasing the procyclicity of labor income tax rates raises welfare with and without rigid nominal wages in the model economy. With fully flexible prices and wages, a positive covariance between the distortionary tax rate and productivity reduces the volatility of production and employment. This effect disappears under nominal wage rigidity, although progressive taxation can still raise welfare by reducing the distortion caused by a proportional labor tax. With rigid nominal wages and flexible consumer goods prices, payroll taxes levied at rates that rise with output can serve as automatic stabilizers. JEL Code E62 · H20