金融啄序、金融供给与货币传导机制中的信贷渠道效应

“信贷渠道”模型明确地考虑了融资条件的变化对货币政策的影响。这个模型为分析和模拟中央银行的货币稳定性与金融稳定性两大目标之间潜在的相互作用与反馈作用，提供了一个有用的理论框架，该模型特别提出，一段时期内借贷双方的融资位置的大幅波动（金融稳定性），能影响官方利率的变动从而影响支出通货膨胀（货币稳定性）。基于BGG模型的研究工作，本文就近年来我国货币政策的效果不佳的事实从信贷渠道效应的角度进行了分析并提出了对策建议。     

成本渠道理论与通货膨胀治理:来自中国1992-2009年的证据

传统的货币政策理论认为提高利率将会使得物价下降,但是近年来利率政策的实际运用效果却与这一理论背道而驰。成本渠道理论可以对这一现象进行解释。本文使用GMM估计方法对1992年第三季度至2009年第三季度的数据进行了检验,结果强烈地支持了成本渠道的存在,这一结论说明在我国提高利率在短期内会引起物价上涨,而不会起到抑制通货膨胀的效果。     

我国货币政策工具控制通胀的有效性分析

本文分析的1998～2011年中国的货币政策历程属于相机抉择。VAR模型实证表明,我国货币政策数量与价格工具对于控制通胀是失效的。外汇储备较货币供给增速对通胀的冲击更大,利率提高与汇率加速升值对于通货膨胀不是抑制而是适得其反。货币政策对通胀的利率传导及汇率传导不畅,而成本传导机制效应显著。本文提出应进一步优化货币政策工具,运用非常规方式稳定物价并结合信贷政策调整货币供给结构;长远来看还需推进利率市场化以发挥价格工具作用,控制人民币升值速度和必须降低外汇储备等建议。     

金融资产价格：新阶段我国货币政策传导的重要渠道

进入对外开放新阶段，我国的货币市场、资本市场、外汇市场的连通性加大，利率与汇率的联动机制更加明显，货币供应量的可控性进一步降低。在确定货币政策中介目标时，除了考虑与经济发展相协调的货币数量控制外，也要考虑价格（通货膨胀、利率和汇率）水平变化，对金融资产价格作为货币政策传导渠道这一点必须引起足够重视。     

利率市场化对货币政策的潜在影响

本文探讨了利率市场化对货币政策的潜在影响，指出利率市场化对于货币政策具有正负两个方面的效应。一方面可以降低货币政策的实施成本，提高货币政策的实施效率；另一方面也可以造成金融危机，导致货币政策失效。     

利率市场化背景下我国货币政策传导的非对称效应研究——基于LSTVAR模型的实证分析

随着近年来利率市场化进程的推进,利率在货币政策的执行和传导过程中的作用越来越大。本文使用1996年至2013年的月度数据,采用LSTVAR模型分析了利率市场化背景下利率和货币供应量对产出和通货膨胀的影响效果和差异以及货币政策传导中的非对称效应。研究结果表明,在不同的经济增长状态下我国货币政策的实施效果具有非对称性。在经济增速较高的状态下,货币供应量调控的短期效果较为明显,而利率调控则具有长期的调控效果;对于产出和通货膨胀而言,相同的货币政策在不同的经济增速状态下存在明显的非对称性;相比在经济高增速状态下,利率冲击的通货膨胀效应在经济增速放缓状态下的效应相对较弱,而货币供应量的负向冲击能够在更短的时间内对通货膨胀产生影响。因此在经济"新常态"的背景下,利用利率手段对通货膨胀进行调控,效果将更好。     

证券投资基金与我国货币政策传导机制

我国证券投资基金发展迅猛，已成为金融市场最主要的机构投资者，对我国货币政策传导机制产生着日益重要的影响。本文首先分析了证券投资基金对我国货币供应量中介目标的影响，认为证券投资基金将加大央行监测和调控贷币供应量的难度，降低货币供应量与通货膨胀目标的相关性，进而探讨了证券投资基金对货币政策传导渠道，包括信贷渠道、利率渠道和资产价格渠道等的不同影响，并重点对证券投资基金的资产价格传导效应进行了实证分析，结论显示，现阶段证券投资基金发展尚不充分，其资产价格传导效应并不明显。     

美国货币政策对我国股票市场的影响研究——基于TVP-VAR模型

在美联储货币政策调整、退出QE在即的背景下,研究美联储货币政策如何影响我国股票市场具有较强现实意义。本文运用时变VAR模型,分析美国货币政策在不同阶段对我国股票市场的影响和溢出效应。研究结果显示：美联储货币政策工具（利率调整和公开市场操作）与我国主要股指有较高的关联性;在不同时期,美联储利率调整和公开市场操作均对我国股票市场产生负面冲击,且利率调整的冲击效应更强;在美联储重启QE初期（2020年7月）,美联储公开市场操作对我国股市整体的冲击效应最大,而利率调整对我国房地产股指的影响较大。     

美国量化宽松货币政策对中国通货膨胀的动态影响

本文通过建立通货膨胀、产出缺口、联邦基金利率和美国货币供应量增速的状态空间模型并运用卡尔曼滤波进行估计和分析,分别得出美国常规与量化宽松两种货币政策对我国通货膨胀影响力的不同动态特性。研究结果表明：通货膨胀惯性和通胀预期是影响我国通货膨胀的主要因素,其作用效果基本稳定;美国货币供应量M2增速对我国通货膨胀的影响次之,并且在美国实施量化宽松货币政策时出现明显的跳跃式的增加;由于我国资本账户没有实现完全开放,以联邦基金利率为代表的常规货币政策对通货膨胀的影响比较小。     

存款利率市场化过程中货币政策工具的选择--基于动态随机一般均衡模型的模拟和分析

在包含价格黏性和金融加速器的动态随机一般均衡模型的基础上,从非政策冲击、政策冲击在不同货币政策下对宏观经济的冲击效应以及社会福利损失两方面综合分析了存款利率市场化过程中不同货币政策工具有效性问题。研究结果显示,存款利率市场化过程中：（1）在熨平经济波动方面,价格型货币政策工具更有优势;在促进经济增长方面,数量型货币政策工具更有优势。（2）面临消费偏好、投资、技术冲击时,在价格型货币政策调控下,经济发展更加稳健;面临政策冲击时,产出、通胀对价格型货币政策冲击更敏感,即价格型货币政策调控效率相对更高。（3）在福利损失方面,当存款利率水平低于6%-7%之间的某个具体值时,价格型货币政策工具的福利损失更小,高于该值时,数量型货币政策工具的福利损失更小。研究认为,利率市场化过程中,应根据经济波动幅度、经济发展速度以及利率所在范围选择货币政策工具。     

Optimal monetary policy with the cost channel

In the standard new Keynesian framework, an optimizing policy maker does not face a trade-off between stabilizing the inflation rate and stabilizing the gap between actual output and output under flexible prices. An ad hoc, exogenous cost-push shock is typically added to the inflation equation to generate a meaningful policy problem. In this paper, we show that a cost-push shock arises endogenously when a cost channel for monetary policy is introduced into the new Keynesian model. A cost channel is present when firms’ marginal cost depends directly on the nominal rate of interest. Besides providing empirical evidence for a cost channel, we explore its implications for optimal monetary policy. We show that its presence alters the optimal policy problem in important ways. For example, both the output gap and inflation are allowed to fluctuate in response to productivity and demand shocks under optimal monetary policy.     

Cost Channel of Monetary Policy: Financial Frictions and External Shocks

This paper deepens our understanding of the importance of the cost channel of monetary policy, where inflation adjusts with a firm's marginal cost of working capital. A model extended for a small, open economy with financial frictions is proposed and examined with data from Taiwan. The cost channel effect on inflation adjustment is substantiated by simultaneous generalized method of moments estimations and appears to be strengthened by financial frictions but mitigated by external shocks. Greater caution is hence required in the conduct of monetary policy for a bank-dependent emerging economy such as Taiwan because of the relative complexity in its supply-side interest rate pass-through.     

Monetary Policy and the Asset Risk‐Taking Channel

How important is the risk‐taking channel for monetary policy? To answer this question, we develop and estimate a quantitative monetary DSGE model where banks choose excessively risky investments, due to an agency problem that distorts banks' incentives. As the real interest rate declines, these distortions become more important and excessive risk taking increases, lowering the efficiency of investment. We show theoretically that this novel transmission channel generates a new monetary policy trade‐off between inflation and real interest rate stabilization, whereby the central bank may prefer to tolerate greater inflation volatility in order to lower excessive risk taking.     

Effectiveness of alternative channels of monetary policy transmission: some evidence for India

In this article, we have employed ‘shutdown’ methodology, not used before in the Indian context, to study the relative importance of alternative channels of monetary policy transmission. We have, for the first time, studied the impact of monetary policy on consumer price index (CPI) inflation. In response to a shock to the operating target, the maximum decline in gross domestic product growth occurs with a lag of two to three quarters, while the impact on inflation (both CPI and wholesale price index) is felt with a lag of three to four quarters. The interest rate channel is found to be the most dominant channel of monetary policy transmission in India.     

Labor market search, the Taylor principle, and indeterminacy

In a sticky-price model with labor market search and matching frictions, forecast-based interest rate policy almost always induces indeterminacy when it is strictly inflation targeting and satisfies the Taylor principle. Indeterminacy is due to a vacancy channel of monetary policy that makes inflation expectations self-fulfilling. The effect of this channel strengthens as the sluggishness of the adjustment of employment relative to that of consumption increases. When this relative sluggishness is high, the Taylor principle fails to ensure determinacy, regardless of whether the policy is forecast-based or outcome-based, whether it is strictly or flexibly inflation targeting, or contains policy rate smoothing.     

Optimal Monetary Policy with an Uncertain Cost Channel

The cost channel of monetary transmission describes a supply-side effect of interest rates on firms' costs. Previous research has found this effect to vary, both over time and across countries. Moreover, the cyclical nature of financial frictions is likely to amplify the cost channel. This paper derives optimal monetary policy in the presence of uncertainty about the true size of the cost channel. In a min–max approach, the central bank derives an optimal policy plan to be implemented by a Taylor rule. It is shown that uncertainty about the cost channel leads to an attenuated interest rate setting behavior. In this respect, the Brainard (1967) principle of cautious policy in the face of uncertainty continues to hold in both a Bayesian and a min–max framework.     

Globalization, Macroeconomic Performance, and Monetary Policy

The paper argues that many of the exaggerated claims that globalization has been an important factor in lowering inflation in recent years just do not hold up. Globalization does, however, have the potential to be stabilizing for individual economies and has been a key factor in promoting economic growth. The paper then examines four questions about the impact of globalization on the monetary transmission mechanism and arrives at the following answers: (i) Has globalization led to a decline in the sensitivity of inflation to domestic output gaps and thus to domestic monetary policy? No. (ii) Are foreign output gaps playing a more prominent role in the domestic inflation process, so that domestic monetary policy has more difficulty stabilizing inflation? No. (iii) Can domestic monetary policy still control domestic interest rates and so stabilize both inflation and output? Yes. (iv) Are there other ways, besides possible influences on inflation and interest rates, in which globalization may have affected the transmission mechanism of monetary policy? Yes.     

Learning about the Term Structure and Optimal Rules for Inflation Targeting

In this paper, we incorporate the term structure of interest rates in the New Keynesian model and analyze optimal policy under uncertainty about private sector expectations and the degree of inflation persistence. The novel result of our paper is that for large deviations of inflation from its target, the active learning policy is less activist—in the sense of responding less aggressively to the state of the economy—than a myopic policy, which ignores the learning channel. Moreover, for most initial beliefs, the incentive for active learning increases as monetary policy’s leverage over the long‐term interest rate increases.     

What Is in a Name? Purchases and Sales of Financial Assets as a Monetary Policy Instrument

This paper studies optimal interest rate and balance sheet policy in a quantitative New Keynesian model with a constrained financial sector, considering commitment versus discretion in monetary policy design and fixing either instrument. Optimal interest rate policy under commitment (discretion) achieves 93.0% (82.6%) of the potential gains to dual instrument monetary policy under commitment. Optimal discretionary dual instrument policy eliminates the cost of commitment limitations and exhibits no inflationary bias. Under commitment, the optimal balance sheet policy eliminates the cost of suboptimal interest rate policy, for example, an interest rate peg. Finally, I compare optimal policies to implementable rules-based policies.     

A Tale of Two Growth Engines: Interactive Effects of Monetary Policy and Intellectual Property Rights

How do intellectual property rights that determine the market power of firms influence the growth and welfare effects of monetary policy? To analyze this question, we develop a monetary hybrid endogenous growth model in which R&D and capital accumulation are both engines of long‐run economic growth. We find that monetary expansion hurts economic growth and social welfare by reducing R&D and capital accumulation. Furthermore, a larger market power of firms strengthens these growth and welfare effects of monetary policy through the R&D channel but weakens these effects through the capital‐accumulation channel. Therefore, whether the market power of firms amplifies or mitigates the welfare cost of inflation depends on the relative importance of the two growth engines. Finally, we calibrate the model using data in the United States and the Euro Area to quantitatively evaluate and compare the welfare cost of inflation in these two economies and find that the R&D channel dominates in both economies.