论我国劳动力成本上升

在经济全球化不断发展的今天,国际市场竞争越来越激烈,这在一定程度上促使我国劳动力成本加速上升。事实上,劳动力成本上升是社会经济发展的必然结果,就工业化进程而言,劳动力低成本虽然是优势,但并非是长期优势,它同样会带来不良影响,相反,劳动力成本上升也不会给投资环境带来负面影响。本文主要就我国劳动力成本上升进行了分析与探讨。     

劳动力成本上涨对我国制造业企业资本替代行为的影响分析——基于格兰杰因果检验

本文旨在验证劳动力成本上涨压力下,制造业企业是否会采取资本替代的措施?运用格兰杰因果检验方法验证了劳动力成本、人均固定资产存量的关系。结果显示:我国制造业劳动力成本和人均固定资产存量存在单向的因果关系且存在明显的时滞性,表明劳动力成本上涨会使企业采取资本替代行为。     

轮胎制造业:面临国内外市场双重压力

轮胎制造业是劳动力密集型与技术密集型相结合的产业,我国在劳动力成本、投资环境等方面具有明显优势。随着汽车工业的迅速发展,中国正在成为世界上最大的轮胎制造国和消费大国。然而近年来轮胎原材料成本的不断上升和对华反倾销案的频频发生,以及世界各大轮胎公司纷纷投资中国,使中国的轮胎制造企业正面临国内外市场的双重压力,盈利水平下降,竞争压力和经营风险日趋加大。     

劳动力供给多维变化对制造业国际竞争力影响研究

依据1990-2014年劳动力供给数量、质量、成本及制造业国际竞争力相关数据,构建 VAR 模型,考量劳动力供给变化对中国制造业国际竞争力影响.结果表明:劳动力供给数量减少不利于制造业国际竞争力提升;劳动力供给质量上升有利于提高制造业国际竞争力,但其作用具有明显的滞后效应;劳动力成本上升有利于增强制造业国际竞争力,这与成本上升倒逼低端制造业转型升级等相关.鉴此,既要通过全面放开计生政策甚至鼓励生育以缓解劳动力供给数量快速下降对制造业国际竞争力带来的负向冲击;又要基于市场导向,培养产业所需的各层各类人才;同时合理运用劳动力成本上升的倒逼机制促进低端制造业转型升级,提高中国制造业国际竞争力.     

劳动力成本上升对我国机电产品出口竞争力的影响分析

随着城镇化与工业化的推进,近年来,我国企业劳动力成本开始实行步入上升通道,这种成本的上升会否对我国出口产品在国际市场的竞争力产生影响?鉴于机电产品在我国对外贸易中占有较大的比重,本文运用面板数据模型检验了劳动力成本上升对我国机电产品国际竞争力的影响,得出结论认为在样本区间内劳动力成本的上升并未对我国机电产品的国际竞争力产生显著的影响,但这并不意味着这种情况一直会持续下去,为了不至于在未来的国际竞争中丧失市场,我国的机电产品制造企业有必要提高产品的技术含量进一步打造产品的竞争力。     

劳动力成本的传染效应对企业绩效影响的案例分析

劳动力成本上升是不可逆转的趋势,虽然作为企业利润的抵减项会降低利润,但是也会为企业带来更多的高精尖人才,提升企业的研发创新能力.同一行业中的各家企业存在竞争关系,当一家企业开始主动提升劳动力成本,会对竞争企业的行为产生一定影响.因此,竞争企业也会积极采取应对措施,被迫选择提升劳动力成本,而这种存在先后关系的主动提升与被动上涨对各自企业绩效会产生何种影响值得研究.本文拟选择专用设备制造业中的两家龙头企业——三一重工与中联重科,研究自上市以来,劳动力成本的传染效应对企业绩效产生何种影响.     

中国制造业劳动力成本上升的正负效应分析

劳动力作为生产的重--素投入,在经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用。根据古典贸易理论,我国存在着明显的劳动力比较优势,带来了我国对外贸易依靠国内大量存在的廉价劳动力的长期繁荣发展。然而,进入21世纪以来,劳动力成本的上升日益显著,我国的人口红利正在逐渐消失。通过对我国制造业劳动力成本上升的现状及其负面效应、正面效应的分析,认为我国应从国家层面、产业层面以及企业层面来应对劳动力成本上升带来的影响。     

保持国际贸易竞争优势的关键是提高劳动生产率

低廉的劳动力成本加上较低的汇率和出口退税是我国出口和贸易顺差不断扩大的主要因素.由于我国现在的劳动力成本水平比较低,因此即使劳动力成本有所上升,在相当长一段时间里,我国劳动力成本在世界上还具有竞争优势.但是从长远来看,要保持出口优势,最重要的就是推动技术进步.通过技术进步,一方面可以加快提高劳动生产率,只要工资上升的速度不快于劳动生产率的提高,劳动力成本仍然可以控制住;另一方面可以加快资本和人力资本密集型产品的出口,使劳动力成本在出口和贸易顺差中的重要性相对降低.     

成本将成为不能承受之重——1-2月行业效益数据点评

随着通胀加剧,资源价格上涨给工业企业利润带来的负面影响在行业层面尽显无疑,预计原材料提价之后,上半年利润主要向原材料行业集中,工业品继续承受成本压力;下半年利润向能源和公用事业转移,原材料行业景气高点渐次出现;消费品整体利润增长较为稳定,非制造业路径下的行业依然处于上升景气之中。     

对中国宏观税负的理性剖析北大核心CSSCI

如何理性看待中国宏观税负水平?本文从三方面进行了分析:宏观税负国际比较、社会福利支出国际比较、单位劳动者税收占劳动力成本比重国际比较。研究发现,仅按宏观税负概念计算出来的中国宏观税负并不高,但若考虑社会福利支出水平和单位劳动者税收占劳动力成本比重,中国的宏观税负水平相对较高。并从结构性减税、增加福利支出、提高收入水平、降低非税负担等方面提出政策建议。     

工业企业资金成本与资金链松紧量化研究——基于工业企业损益表视角

今年多方反映企业资金链紧、资金成本高、对企业利润影响明显。那么,资金成本对利润影响程度如何?企业资金链松紧度如何?本文选择71家样本工业企业,比较研究了资金成本等各成本项目对工业企业利润影响程度,从成本视角提出了工业企业资金链松紧度量化判断模型。研究表明:(1)工业企业资金成本在上升,对利润增长的影响程度有增加,但远不及原材料、用工成本等主营业务成本的影响;(2)基于成本视角提出的资金链松紧值G’处于"适度"区间的下轨,但已连续3个月回升,正走出"紧"区间。     

最低工资标准提高对企业资本劳动比的影响研究

资本劳动比的提高对企业发展、经济增长和结构转型都具有重要意义。本文利用2002—2011年中国工业企业数据和283个地级市统计数据,探讨了最低工资标准提高对企业资本劳动比的影响。研究发现,最低工资标准提升对制造业企业资本劳动比具有显著的正向影响。平均而言,最低工资标准每提升10%,企业资本劳动比将提高2%,该结果在工具变量回归、双重差分法等多项稳健性检验下均成立。机制分析表明,最低工资标准提高会使企业增加资本投入和减少劳动力雇佣,这一结论为企业用资本替代劳动力的事实提供了直接证据。异质性分析表明,最低工资标准提升对企业资本劳动比的影响主要集中于非国有企业、较低工资水平企业和劳动密集型企业。进一步研究发现,随着最低工资标准提升,企业生产率和盈利能力显著提高,从而佐证了企业用资本替代劳动力的积极效应。本文的研究为进一步完善最低工资制度,促进经济转型升级提供了经验依据与政策启示。     

The fallacy of the overhead quick fix

Facing pressure from a few large, low-cost competitors, Thornton, an old-guard specialty-equipment manufacturer, fought back by eliminating overhead. Over two-years, it outsourced components and consolidated operations. But instead of cutting overhead, it added more and became still more uncompetitive. Thornton is not alone in either its predicament or its failed reaction. Many large manufacturing companies are finding themselves at a cost disadvantage in markets they have dominated for years. One reason is excessive overhead structures, the result of an unchecked buildup of indirect employees needed to control rising organizational complexity. Another reason is the emergence of the "robust" competitor, comparable in size and product scope but able to produce at a lower unit overhead cost. Data collected from more than 100 manufacturing plants worldwide illustrate the differences between overhead cost structures of bureaucratic, niche, and robust companies. The gulf between these groups highlights the need for action by bureaucratic companies, and, in some cases, by niche companies. But high-overhead companies are doomed if they cut overhead out of the system either by outsourcing or downsizing. If they expect to retain their size and also become more cost competitive, they must rethink their manufacturing systems. Well-designed and well-controlled processes mean higher product quality, faster cycle time, improved flexibility, and lower overhead costs. Sustainable overhead reduction means a commitment to continuous improvement. This includes segmenting, mapping, and measuring existing processes and then working to improve them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Taxing Mobile Capital with Labor Market Imperfections

Taxing internationally mobile factors of production has been dismissed as an inefficient means of raising tax revenue. This paper addresses the question of whether it is efficient to tax capital at source when labor markets and the taxation of lumpsum income suffer from imperfections. Four reasons for taxing capital are identified: (i) institutional constraints rendering any taxation of profit income infeasible; (ii) market power in the demand for labor; (iii) market power in the supply of labor if it increases with the employment of capital; (iv) unemployment benefits that are not tied to net real wages. It is argued that the case for taxing capital is not particularly strong. By reinterpreting capital as energy the results are applicable to the discussion about ecological tax reforms.     

税收成本及优化分析

税收成本包括征税成本、纳税成本和社会成本。从总体上看,当前由于受诸多因素的影响,我国的税收成本偏高,暴露出一些亟待解决的问题。为此,应多方面寻求降低税收成本的途径,逐步提高税收工作效率,充分发挥税收的职能作用。     

中国资本产出、资本回报与资本流向之谜--基于劳动力价格扭曲视角北大核心

本文通过建立生产部门的要素买方垄断市场均衡模型,利用1996-2016年中国省级面板数据测算中国劳动力价格扭曲程度,并使用固定效应模型(FE)及面板固定效应的工具变量(IV)估计方法加以分析,从劳动力价格扭曲视角解答了中国资本产出、资本回报与资本流向之谜,即中国经济如何在赶超阶段面临资本深化不断加剧和TFP增长乏力的情况下,依靠劳动力价格扭曲实现低资本产出与高资本回报水平共存,从而维持长期高速资本积累以及优质的资本流向结构。实证研究表明:劳动力价格扭曲降低了资本产出效率,但这并不能掩盖由劳动力向资本方转移的垄断利润对资本回报的直接补贴,因此劳动力价格扭曲对中国维持高资本回报水平起到了重要的支撑作用,并通过高资本回报水平实现了地区资本快速积累,劳动力价格扭曲对资本流向的积极作用还体现在抑制资本"脱实向虚"及吸引外资流入。因此,应正视劳动力价格扭曲在赶超阶段的特殊作用,在矫正扭曲的过程中循序渐进,更积极采取措施规避其对资本回报和资本流向可能产生的不利影响。     

Does environmental regulation affect capital-labor ratio of manufacturing enterprises: Evidence from China

Currently, China faces the dual pressures of finding ways to address the unstable ecological environment improvement and rising labor costs. All sectors of society are concerned about how to perfect the structure of enterprise factors input to improve production efficiency and adapt to high-quality economic development. This paper examines the impact of environmental regulation on the capital-labor ratio of manufacturing enterprises in China. The results indicate that the implementation of the new EPL (Environmental Protection Law) increases the capital-labor ratio of heavy polluting manufacturing enterprises. This conclusion is still robust to parallel trend tests, considering sample selection bias, random factors, as well as expected effects. Enterprises response to the new EPL by increasing capital factors input and hiring high-skilled labor, which is in line with the capital-skill complementarity hypothesis and reflects the views of Karabarbounis and Neiman (2014). In addition, this study investigates the effects of capital deepening on the production and operational efficiency of heavy-polluting manufacturing firms. Results show that the implementation of the new EPL can facilitate the reduction of enterprise's production costs and the improvement of total factor productivity.     

The bright side of the internal labor market: Evidence from the labor cost stickiness of firms affiliated with privately owned business groups in China

We examine whether having an internal labor market can help a firm affiliated with a privately owned business group (POBG) reduce labor cost stickiness. Our findings suggest that, when a POBG-affiliated firm experiences a decrease in sales, it has lower labor cost stickiness than an otherwise equivalent firm that is not affiliated with a POBG. Specifically, we find that, on average, a POBG-affiliated firm entirely mitigates labor cost stickiness when it has a decrease in sales. In addition, we document that, to adjust its labor cost downward, a POBG-affiliated firm hires fewer employees, rather than paying lower wages. We show that the lower labor cost stickiness is due to movement of employees from the focal firm to other firms within the same POBG. When sales fall, the POBG reallocates excess employees at the focal firm to other firms within the business group via an internal labor market, and the focal firm thereby increases its per capita profit. Moreover, we find that agency cost mediates the impact of a POBG on labor cost stickiness. When the external market is less effective or the POBG headquarters have strong incentives, the effect of POBG affiliation on the reduction in an affiliated firm's labor cost stickiness is more salient.     

中国扩大内需的长期机制:社会分工和制度变迁视角的分析

内需不足是制约中国经济增长的主要因素,而积极的财政政策和货币政策只是扩大内需的短期政策,这种政策只能短期启动内需,而不能长期扩大内需.社会分工和制度变迁是扩大内需的长期机制.通过社会分工和制度变迁来促进内需扩大的措施有:加强基础设施建设,进行产业结构调整和升级;完善行政管理体制,加快保障制度和户籍制度的改革;大力发展教育事业,提高人力资源水平和技术创新水平;促进非农产业的发展,建设小城镇.