二元目标下小额信贷机构绩效评价与模式选择

商业化改革加剧了小额信贷机构的二元目标冲突,"目标偏离"成为一种普遍现象。本文从小额信贷机构的二元目标出发,从社会福利和财务可持续两个维度设定小额信贷机构的绩效评价标准。通过对亚洲五大小额信贷机构发展绩效和运行模式的比较研究发现,二维的绩效评价体系能够更客观和全面地反映小额信贷机构的绩效水平;小额信贷机构的特征及所处的农村经济与金融市场环境均会影响其目标选择;合理的发展模式可以促进财务绩效和社会绩效的协调发展。     

中国小额信贷社会绩效比较评价

论文使用77家申请"中国银行业协会(花旗集团)微型创业机构奖"的小额信贷服务机构的相关数据,对它们的社会绩效状况从社会绩效管理系统、覆盖广度、覆盖深度和服务质量4个维度进行分析。分析后得出,这三类小额信贷机构在社会绩效方面各有长处与不足,都需要培养和加强社会绩效意识,提高社会绩效管理能力;政府和小额信贷行业组织应加大对社会绩效的宣传力度,建立社会绩效管理能力建设和激励机制,促进我国小额信贷社会绩效水平的提高。     

农信社——中国农户小额信贷正规化路径选择

一、正规化--小额信贷发展的趋势选择 为什么小额信贷会向正规化转变?这与学术界正热烈讨论的"小额信贷可持续发展问题"有着相同的解释.从国际小额信贷走过的20多年发展历程来看,小额信贷大致经历了三个阶段:①早期的追求信贷项目的高还贷率阶段;②在实现第一阶段目标的同时,收取高利息以弥补借款成本实现机构运作可持续阶段;③小额信贷机构收取商业渠道资金实现盈利,达到金融持续性,进而逐渐实现正规化的阶段.目前,国际主流的观点认为,各种模式的小额信贷均应包括两个基本含义,一是为大量低收入(当然包括贫困在内)人口提供金融服务;二是保证小额信贷机构自身的生存与发展;二者缺一不可称为完善或规范的小额信贷.因此,可持续性已经成为判断小额信贷是否成功的重要标志,而正规化与可持续发展是密不可分的,可持续发展是目的,正规化是小额信贷可持续发展的重要保证.世界各地小额信贷项目的主流实践都表明,小额信贷机构要实现可持续操作,必须做到机构商业化(正规化),同时使对客户的存贷利差必须要达到使小额信贷经营能够覆盖其成本.     

从国际经验考察中国小额信贷的商业化进程

从国际经验考察中国小额信贷商业化进程,存在市场化运作不充分,垄断现象突出,金融开放政策不彻底等问题。基于我国国情与现实,未来我国小额信贷商业化应在创造多元有序竞争的金融环境、探索多层次农村资金批发零售机制、发展各种小额信贷商业合作创新机制、加强立法并重视NGOs等小额信贷机构商业化的要求等方面不断加强。     

小额信贷机构财务可持续性分析——基于MIX国际小额信贷样本机构数据

小额信贷机构财务可持续性能力是小额信贷发展的重要方面。论文基于MIX网站238家国际小额信贷样本机构2005～2009年的财务运行数据,从财务自负盈亏和捐赠水平的角度对小额信贷机构财务可持续能力进行分析。结果发现,国际小额信贷机构财务可持续性能力较好,并且对补贴依赖程度不断降低。根据国际小额信贷机构发展经验,文章最后对我国小额信贷机构发展提出了对策建议。     

优化小额贷款可持续发展的制度安排——江苏省案例

小额信贷的可持续发展:基层实践与启示从最初的扶贫济困,到如今的帮助农民致富奔小康,在中国,由农村信用社等正规金融机构提供的小额信贷正在惠及越来越多的农户。与普通商业信贷不同的是,小额信贷所面对的是商业化、市场化程度不充分的经济主体,对于金融机构来讲,这更多地意味着高成本和高风险。因此,在已有条件下如何提高效率,使小额信贷更好地满足弱势经济群体的需求,同时实现小额信贷的持续发展,始终是需要不断思考和探索的问题。近年来,基层涌现出的很多创新做法正是由此展开,它们试图从不同层面和角度来降低成本、控制风险,以提高小额信贷的效率和效益,推动小额信贷的持续发展。本期一线话题以案例形式介绍了一些小额信贷实践中的创新举措,这些做法都是中国自主创新与国际小额信贷经验相结合过程中产生的实践智慧。希望实践者们的所思、所想和所为,为未来中国小额信贷的发展提供经验积累与借鉴。     

非营利性小额信贷机构出路何在?

小额信贷在中国已有十几年的历史,从事扶贫性质的小额信贷机构累计有300家左右。在进一步探索为贫困人口提供金融服务的同时,小额信贷机构本身的可持续发展也成为必须面对的问题。那么,扶贫小额信贷机构商业化是其惟一的出路吗?     

商业性小额信贷社会绩效评价——基于哈尔滨银行的案例分析

小额信贷商业化正在成为世界潮流,小额信贷与其最初要帮助的穷人以及其他社会弱势群体之间的联系似乎正在淡化。小额信贷社会绩效关乎公众的认知、机构的形象、政府的信任、投资者的信心,这些因素直接或间接地影响着小额信贷机构的生存和发展,因此,小额信贷社会绩效是小额信贷机构不容忽视的问题。本文在分析小额信贷社会绩效评价理论模式基础上,以哈尔滨银行为例分别从社会绩效议题、利益相关者、制度管理等层面对我国商业性小额信贷社会绩效进行探讨,进而提出对策建议。     

所有制形式不同对于NGO小额信贷机构双重目标实现的影响——基于MIX统计数据的实证分析

采用MIX统计数据对不同所有制形式的中国NGO小额信贷机构双重目标的实现进行对比分析,选取两个代表性机构,分别是中和农信、美慈基金中国小额信贷项目PATRA。通过6个指标的评价对比,分析得到所有制形式对NGO小额信贷机构的财务绩效方面无显著影响,但在社会绩效方面,外资机构更加注重小额信贷服务的深度,中资机构更加关注小额信贷服务的广度。     

关于吉林省小额贷款公司发展情况的研究报告

<正>小额信贷(Microcredit)或称微型金融(Microfinance),是指向低收入群体和微型企业提供的额度较小的一类金融服务。小额信贷可以由商业银行、农村信用合作社等金融机构提供,也可以由专门的小额信贷机构提供。小额信贷组织则是指专门提供小额信贷业务的商业机构或民间团体。小额贷款公司作为小额信贷组织的一种,具有商业化运作的特性。小额贷款公司是在国家放宽农村金融准入政策,完善农村金融体系的背景下应运而生的。自2008年下半年开展试点以来,吉林省小额贷款公司发展较快,在一定程度上能够弥补了农户和微     

Is exchange rate risk priced in microfinance?

High microcredit interest rates have often been a source of criticism against the microfinance movement. Research has focused attention on the cost structure of interest rates and more recently on the macroeconomic and macro-institutional factors. While cost structure is probably the most important determinant of interest rates, other factors can also matter. This paper uses an innovative measure of foreign exchange risk to explore its impact on microcredit interest rates. We show that microfinance institutions that operate in countries with fixed exchange rate regimes tend to charge lower interest rates than those operating in countries with floating exchange rate regimes.     

全球微型金融发展的四大变化和五点问题

本文梳理了近年来全球微型金融发展变化及小额信贷危机中暴露出的一系列问题,认为微型金融要重新走向可持续健康发展,必须在商业化和社会性目标之间取得平衡,更好地为金字塔底层群体提供多样化金融服务,从而实现包容性金融的长远发展目标。     

农村小额信贷业商业化的进程、条件及对策

目前我国小额信贷业尚处于起步阶段,但东南亚及拉丁美洲很多国家的小额信贷业已经发展到相当成熟的阶段。这些国家的经验表明,小额信贷业可持续发展的前提就是经营商业化、利率市场化和风险控制完善化。当前我国发展小额信贷业可以有效地缓解我国城市流动性过剩和农村流动性不足的问题,同时促进“三农”发展。本文在梳理国际小额信贷业发展经验的基础上,对我国小额信贷业的发展提出了借鉴和建议。     

中国福利性微型金融财务可持续评估研究

基于福利性微型金融财务可持续过程中所面临的不确定性,改进传统的AHP方法,建立基于不确定型层次分析法(UTAHP)的福利性微型金融财务可持续评估模型,考量中国扶贫基金会小额信贷项目财务可持续能力。结果表明:在2004~2012年期间,中国扶贫基金会小额信贷项目财务可持续能力不断提升,其贷款能力、运营能力、盈利能力和发展能力均保持上升态势,只有个别年份出现了短暂的下降波动。     

Competition,Loan Rates,and Information Dispersion in Nonprofit and For‐Profit Microcredit Markets

We describe the competitive environment of microcredit markets globally and we study the effects of competition on loan rates of microfinance institutions (MFIs). We use a new database from rating agencies, covering 379 for‐profit and nonprofit MFIs in 67 countries over 2002–2008. Controlling for interest rate ceilings and other country‐specific factors, we first find that nonprofits are relatively insensitive to industry‐wide concentration changes, while for‐profits charge significantly lower rates in less concentrated markets. Second, we find spillover effects between the for‐profit and nonprofit segments. Third, we show that the effects of concentration are consistent with an information dispersion mechanism.     

Promoting Entrepreneurship at the Base of the Social Pyramid via Pricing Systems: A case Study

Historically, microfinance institutions (MFIs) have played a significant social role by helping people at the base of the socio‐economic pyramid escape from social exclusion through the creation of microenterprises. However, international banks have recently started competing in the microfinance sector. In this adverse environment, MFI management tools should be more innovative and technologically advanced to increase efficiency, solvency and profitability and to compete with commercial banks on equal terms. This study therefore strives to develop a credit‐risk management tool based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) credit‐scoring model for a Peruvian MFI, and to calculate the capital requirements and microcredit pricing on both internal ratings‐based (IRB) and standardized approaches, analysing the impact of these models on the management of the MFI. Our findings show that the implementation of an IRB approach with default probabilities obtained from an MLP credit‐scoring model produces the best benefit by the MFIs in terms of higher accuracy (reduction of misclassification costs by 13.78%), lower capital requirements (in the range of 8.5–78%) and the best risk‐adjusted interest rates. Furthermore, with the establishment of interest rates adjusted to the real risk of each client, MFIs are fairer and more socially engaged by preventing economically viable low‐risk projects from becoming unviable due to excessive interest rates. This leads to the creation of more small businesses by people from the base of the socio‐economic pyramid and greater economic development and social cohesion. The IRB model should therefore be implemented to improve MFI solvency, profitability, efficiency, survival, management and social performance.     

The size and growth of microfinance institutions

We investigate the relationship between size (measured by total assets and number of active borrowers) and growth for a worldwide sample of microfinance institutions with different ownership forms (micro-banks, NGOs, cooperatives/credit unions and non-bank financial institutions) and commercial orientation (profit and not-for-profit) drawn from 120 countries over the period 2000 to 2014. Using a dynamic panel data model, we find little evidence that size confers growth advantages to microfinance institutions. We find some evidence that growth rates for credit unions and microfinance institutions with a not-for-profit commercial orientation present negative persistence. The variability of growth rates differs across the size distribution of microfinance institutions, and this result is consistent across commercial orientation and ownership form. Other factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions include age (new microfinance institutions grow faster than young and mature counterparts), levels of bad debt, efficiency and regulation.     

Delineating social finance

This paper reviews social finance. Venture philanthropy, microfinance, crowdfunding and social impact bonds are financial and social innovations that reshape capital markets, the production of public goods, entrepreneurship and the fundamental principles of financial analysis. In this context, the pursuit of social and environmental impact is assessed alongside the tradeoff between risk and expected return. The market for impact investments consists of suppliers of capital, recipients of capital, the institutional framework and financing flows. This paper describes the financial market for the pursuit of impact and highlights principal challenges, such as the small scale and long horizon of social ventures, the lack of standardized reporting and financial measures for social outcomes, as well as the elusive causality between impact investments and social change.     

小额贷款公司财务效率和社会效率及其影响因素-基于DEA Tobit两阶段法的实证分析

基于2013-2015年山东省259家小额贷款公司的面板数据,运用DEA-Tobit两阶段法分析小额贷款公司财务效率和社会效率及其影响因素.实证结果表明:小额贷款公司社会效率的均值低于财务效率的均值,同时小额贷款公司在财务效率方面差异较小,并且总体水平较高,而社会效率的分布相对比较分散,并且总体水平较低.盈利能力、融资结构和地区经济发展水平对小额贷款公司的财务效率存在显著的正向影响;涉农贷款比例对财务效率和社会效率均产生显著的正向影响.国有集体资本参股和设立在县域有利于社会效率的提高;经营时间和小额贷款公司社会效率存在负相关关系,但对财务效率的影响并不显著.     

微型金融的历史与发展综述

本文对国际微型金融的历史、现状和未来的发展方向进行了综述。经过三十多年的发展,微型金融已经从传统的依靠捐赠资金和政府补贴的模式转变为自负盈亏的可持续发展的模式,其发展理念的演变、微型金融领域的创新对我国农村金融的发展具有借鉴意义。