Investment-based financing constraints and debt renegotiation

We consider how equity holders’ bargaining power during financial distress influences the interactions between financing and investment decisions when the firm faces the upper limit of debt issuance. We obtain four results. First, weaker equity holders’ bargaining power is more likely that the firm is financially constrained. Second, the investment quantity is independent of equity holders’ bargaining power. Third, the constrained credit spreads are increasing with equity holders’ bargaining power, contrary to the unconstrained ones. Fourth, higher volatility and weaker equity holders’ bargaining power are likely that the firm prefers to issue debt with renegotiation, compared with debt without renegotiation.     

Environmental social controls and capital investments: Australian evidence

Environmental social controls (ESCs) such as mandatory disclosure, regulations, subsidies, and stakeholder opinion are intended to improve firm environmental performance. This paper reports ESC importance to Australian financial managers in making capital investment decisions. A decision‐making experiment showed managers to be most responsive to stakeholder opinion (42 per cent), followed by subsidization (26 per cent) and regulatory cost (22 per cent). Mandatory disclosure has very little influence (10 per cent). ESC interaction effects are limited so coordination of ESC policy is not a primary concern. High degrees of managerial self‐insight suggest policy changes would be enhanced by close consultations with the managers involved.     

逆周期资本缓冲机制在中国金融体系应用的实证研究

本文选取1993年第一季度至2011年第二季度中国经济金融数据对逆周期资本缓冲机制进行了实证研究,发现逆周期资本缓冲机制在中国具有适用性和可行性。实证结果和信贷数据分析还揭示当前我国已出现信贷过速扩张,期限错配和货币错配风险凸显,外币信贷风险突出,这要求监管机构在后金融危机时期强化人民币信贷管控的同时更要重视外汇信贷监控。     

浅议佳木斯市农村信用社资本管理

本文分析了辖区农村信用社资本结构以及资本管理现状,同时对资本管理现状产生的原因进行了分析,在此基础上,提出完善资本管理的对策.     

美国信用评级市场与监管变迁及其借鉴

美国信用评级业发展已经有上百年的历史。市场高度垄断、严重的"顺周期"现象、利益冲突、金融市场及监管当局对评级的严重依赖是当今美国信用评级市场存在的四大问题。目前美国信用评级业形成了以行业自律为基础、NRSRO注册与美国证券交易委员会(SEC)直接监管相结合的信用评级监管体系。美国信用评级市场发展及监管变迁对我国的启示是:应逐步打破国际评级市场完全由美国评级机构垄断的现有格局,必须逐步构建有中国自身特色的本土评级体系,并将本土评级体系的培育与国内债券市场建设、"走出去"战略及人民币国际化战略结合起来,降低国内监管部门及市场主体对外部评级机构的依赖。     

Are capital controls countercyclical?

A growing theoretical literature advocates the use of countercyclical capital control policy, that is, the tightening of restrictions on net capital inflows during booms and the relaxation thereof during recessions. We examine the behavior of capital controls in 78 countries over the period 1995–2011. We find that capital controls are remarkably acyclical. Booms and busts in aggregate activity are associated with virtually no movements in capital controls. These results are robust to controlling for the level of development, external indebtedness, and the exchange-rate regime. They also obtain around the great contraction of 2007.     

信用集中风险研究新进展

历史经验显示,信用集中风险是造成银行危机的一个主要原因,因此,在目前我国信贷快速膨胀、信用集中风险显著加剧的背景下,急需加强对我国商业银行信用集中风险的研究.然而,目前国内研究仍停留于定性分析阶段.鉴于此,本文从信用集中风险的监管要求,信用集中风险测量的理论分析和实证研究三方面对国外信用集中风险及经济资本测度模型的研究进行了述评,以期为提高我国商业银行信用集中风险的测量水平,构建与BasPl Ⅱ一致条件下的经济资本测度模型,从而为提高我国商业银行的信用风险管理能力提供一定的参考.     

Recent Developments in Credit Markets

We summarize recent developments in the credit derivative markets. We show the role of dependence between individual debtors in portfolio derivatives in a study of implied correlation. The risk of changing dependence structures between stock and bond markets becomes evident in an example of capital structure arbitrage. How credit derivatives can introduce new risks is illustrated by the example of “overlay” in basket derivatives.     

基于突变理论的农户小额信贷信用风险评价方法研究

由于农户小额信贷无需抵押和担保,对其风险的测度和控制愈发重要。本文在建立评价指标体系的基础上,应用突变级数理论和突变系统中三种常用类型,并利用归一化公式对农户信用风险进行了综合评价。最后以陕西省杨凌区农信社提供的15户典型性样本为评价对象进行了实证研究,验证了该方法的客观合理性,为评价农户信用风险提供了一种新的方法。     

Credit derivatives, capital requirements and opaque OTC markets

In this paper we study the optimal design of credit derivative contracts when banks have private information about their ability in the loan market and are subject to capital requirements. First, we prove that when banks are subject to a maximum loss capital requirement the optimal signaling contract is a binary credit default basket. Second, we show that if credit derivative markets are opaque then banks cannot commit to terminal-date risk exposure, and therefore the optimal signaling contract is more costly. The above results allow us to discuss the potential implications of different capital adequacy rules for the credit derivative markets.     

Freeing Greece from capital controls: Were the restrictions enforced in time?

Recent developments in Greece have caused for the implementation of banking capital controls on the outflow of funds, a policy decision not uncommon, especially in emerging markets. However, the issues of the Greek economy, which seem to stem from the public sector but have been passed on to the banking sector, pose a unique challenge to researchers. In this paper, we employ VBanking, an object-oriented model for banking simulations to examine whether capital controls in Greece were enforced at the appropriate time. Additionally, we propose that the banking sector will not purge this regulation soon. Finally, we demonstrate the destructive effects of capital controls both on the financial system and on the real economy. We present the empirical results of our work, which suggest that the Greek authorities’ response to the deterioration of the banking sector was lagged.     

信用与资本——开发性金融研究

资本是关系到当下和长远发展的重要命题,而信用是实现从财富到资本转化的关键要素。本文从四个维度考察信用与资本的关系。一是关于信用的产生和演进,指出了信用产生的两个必要条件,并从社会财富三个阶段来审视信用和资本相互作用的演进过程。二是信用的性质和功能。讨论了信用的基本性质,以及规范商品和资本交易、促进资本形成以及信用的金融功能等基础性功能,并进一步讨论了信用的证券化功能以及金融市场建设功能。三是当前信用体系面对的新挑战和新问题。首先提出了美元外汇储备在一定意义上是美元信用对中国储蓄的证券化,是全球信用美元化的组成,在资本匮乏阶段是必要选择,而当下需要对财富和资本寻找新的载体,需要考虑和实现减少对美元的依赖。其次,从深化对国家信用的运用角度对解决问题的路径进行了思考,初步提出了通过发行以国家信用为基础的股权证券化工具,解决长期资本不足问题,应对当前挑战的设想。四是在回顾和总结部分,本文指出,信用的形态会随着资本发展而不断演进,从个人到企业、国家再到国际,从债务信用升级为命运信用即股权信用,乃至尚未出现的国际股权信用,是未来信用发展的方向。     

Credit ratings and disclosure channels

We study the relation between analysts’ ratings of firms’ credit worthiness and ratings of the quality of firms’ (1) annual report disclosures, (2) quarterly and other disclosures, and (3) manager-analyst communications. We find that credit ratings are better for firms with higher rated annual report disclosures. We also find that marked increases in analyst ratings of annual report quality are accompanied by improvements in credit ratings. We find no relation between credit ratings and analysts’ ratings of either quarterly report disclosures or management-analyst communications. Overall, the results suggest that a commitment to better annual report disclosure is related to a lower cost of credit capital.     

内部控制质量、信用模式与企业价值——基于深市A股上市公司的实证分析

内部控制和企业价值之间存在着密切的联系,内部控制是否有效及效率高低影响着企业的价值。内部控制质量高的企业有动机通过自愿性信息披露向市场传递企业价值较高的信号,由于信号传递作用,企业更容易获得较低成本的商业信用和银行信用借款,提升了企业价值,而内部控制质量低的企业没有动机进行内部控制信息披露,从而不得不付出较高的债务融资成本,降低了企业价值。     

资本监管制度与贷款损失准备计提会计准则的协调性——小微企业信贷诱导有效性视角

本文考察下调小微企业债权风险权重的《商业银行资本管理办法(试行)》的银行信贷供给诱导有效性及其贷款损失准备计提会计准则规范影响的协调性。研究发现,下调小微企业债权风险权重的资本监管规则实施对银行小微企业信贷供给具有显著诱导有效性,但已发生损失模型下贷款损失准备计提对此具有削弱作用,其削弱路径主要来自会计信息的风险信号传递调节效应,与资本约束中介效应无关。进一步研究发现,相比其他银行,市场竞争力较弱的银行、以市场景气度较高小微企业为主要信贷投放对象的银行,具有更为显著的资本监管诱导有效性及贷款损失准备计提削弱效应,显示提高相关制度协调性并充分发挥市场激励作用,有助于进一步缓解小微企业“信贷配给”现象。