“监督管理层”还是“约束大股东”？基金持股对中国上市公司价值的影响

本文采用2009-2017年中国非金融类上市公司的数据实证检验了基金持股对公司价值的影响,并对两条影响途径(监督管理层和抑制控股股东侵占)做了分析。结果表明:(1)基金持股比例增加显著提升了上市公司价值,且这种促进作用随着控股股东持股比例的上升而增强,同时这种效应只在非国有企业中表现显著,在国有企业中则不显著;(2)按投资策略分类发现,除主动型和被动型基金外,准指数基金持股也可以提升公司价值;(3)在控制了基金数量后,基金持股比例对公司价值的影响显著降低。以上结果表明,与发达国家基金持股主要通过监督管理层来提升公司价值的传导途径不同,我国基金持股对上市公司的积极影响主要体现为对控股股东侵占行为的约束。     

控股股东股权质押、高送转与股价崩盘风险

本文以2009-2018年沪深A股上市公司为样本,探讨控股股东股权质押对高送转、公司股价崩盘风险的影响。实证分析发现:控股股东进行股权质押后,会显著增加上市公司未来的股价崩盘风险;随着质押比例的升高,股价崩盘风险也增大。同时,股权质押后,上市公司会更倾向于推行高送转,持续正向增加股价崩盘风险。进一步研究发现,在民营企业以及控股股东持股比例较低的上市公司中,控股股东股权质押对股价崩盘风险的正向作用更强。     

掏空、财富效应与投资者保护——基于上市公司关联担保的经验证据

LLS(1999)指出,上市公司的主要代理问题并不是在管理者和股东之间,而是在大股东与小股东之间。国外众多研究提供了大股东掏空的证据。控股股东掏空是各国普遍存在的问题,但在投资者利益保护水平低的国家尤为严重。本文以2001—2004年我国非金融业A股上市公司为研究样本,实证研究了最恶劣的掏空形式之一——关联担保,得出的主要结论如下:(1)关联担保发生的概率、次数与相对金额从2001年到2004年呈递增趋势。(2)有关联担保的上市公司的Tobin-Q比无关联担保的公司平均低0．2,关联担保每增加一次, Tobin-Q下降0．09,关联担保率每增加一个百分点,Tobin-Q下降0．4;有关联担保的公司的年度异常回报率比无关联担保公司低3%,关联担保每增加一次,年度异常回报率下降2%,关联担保率每增加一个百分点,年度异常回报率下降9%。(3)第一大股东持股比例与关联担保显著负相关,股权制衡没有发挥对关联担保的抑制作用。(4)投资者利益保护水平与关联担保显著负相关。总之,本文发现上市公司的关联担保损害了投资者利益,提高投资者利益保护水平在一定程度上可以缓和控股股东的掏空。     

股权集中度、股权制衡与公司绩效关系的实证研究——基于2009年中小板上市公司的经验数据

本文以中小板上市公司公开信息为为依据,基于2009年的样本数据,从股权集中度和股权制衡两个方面,对我国中小板上市公司股权结构与公司绩效的关系进行了实证分析,在公司绩效的评价上也是从盈利能力、成长性能力、股本扩张能力以及市场价值这四个方面进行综合考量。研究结果显示,前五大股东的持股比例对公司绩效的提升呈显著正相关;控股股东的持股比例与公司绩效的关系不显著;股权制衡对公司绩效的影响是不确定的,这说明当股权适度集中在几个大股东手里时是有利于公司股权结构的完善及绩效的提升,而控股股东绝对控股程度的提升却不一定能达到正向的效果,股权制衡也不是影响公司绩效的主因。     

上市公司股权结构对企业价值的影响分析

本文基于大股东所属产权类型，从理论和实证两方面就我国上市公司股权结构对企业价值的影响进行研究，试图克服目前国内相关研究“股权分类不彻底、股东持股比例计算方法不合理、ROE度量企业价值不合理”的缺陷。研究结果表明，第一大股东持股比例对企业价值的影响呈倒U形态；较之于其他类型，私营产权控股股东对企业价值的影响要显著很多。本文还分析了股权分置改革后上市公司股权结构对企业价值影响的新变化。     

机构投资者独立性对代理成本的影响

本文以2006~2009年沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,在根据投资目标对机构投资者进行类型划分的基础上,探讨了机构投资者独立性对代理成本的影响。研究发现,独立机构持股比例越高,公司管理层代理成本和控股股东代理成本越低,而非独立机构持股对两类代理成本影响有限。在进一步考虑了控股股东持股比例的影响后,发现独立机构持股在控股股东偏好控制权私有收益的情况下更能降低管理层代理成本,表明在此情况下,独立机构对管理层自利行为有更大的监督作用。     

控股股东对上市公司价值的影响——基于大股东实际控制度的评价

本文以我国资本市场为背景，从控股股东对上市公司的控制程度可能偏离其持股比例这一观念出发，着重分析并检验了控股股东对上市公司的实际控制程度对公司价值产生的影响。而检验结果显示控股股东的控制程度同公司价值是非线性关系，并且控股股东越倾向于超级控制则公司价值越低。     

关于“控股股东对上市公司价值的影响——基于大股东实际控制度的评价”一文的评论

“控股股东对上市公司价值的影响——基于大股东实际控制度的评价”（以下简称戴璐、孙茂竹（2005））一文以我国资本市场为背景，从控股股东对上市公司的控制程度可能偏离其持股比例这一观念出发，着重分析并检验了控股股东对上市公司的实际控制程度对公司价值产生的影响。研究结果表明，控股股东的控制程度同公司价值是非线性关系，并且控股股东越倾向于超级控制则公司价值越低。     

股权分置改革、控股股东与现金股利——来自中国上市公司的证据

本文以2003-2007五年间存在控股股东的分红上市公司为研究样本,采用多变量回归分析方法对股权分置前后上市公司现金股利政策进行了比较研究。实证研究结果表明,股权分置改革前,上市公司每股现金股利与控股股东持股比例正相关,支持现金股利的"侵占"假说;股权分置改革后,存在控股股东的上市公司现金股利支付水平下降,并且每股现金股利与控股股东持股比例的正相关系显著减弱,从而证实股权分置改革后现金股利的"隧道"效应减弱。     

控股股东股权质押与员工持股计划“工具化”——基于A股上市公司的实证研究

自2014年《关于上市公司实施员工持股计划试点的指导意见》颁布以来,受到资本市场的广泛关注和支持,实施员工持股计划的公司逐渐增加。与此同时,控股股东股权质押可能引起的控制权转移风险也成为需要重点关注的问题。那么,有质押的控股股东是否会策略性地利用员工持股计划来缓解风险？本文利用2013—2018年A股上市公司的样本,考察控股股东质押对员工持股计划的影响。研究发现:前期控股股东有股权质押、质押率越高的公司随后推行员工持股计划的可能性越大,该效应随着控制权转移风险的提高而增大;控股股东股权质押的员工持股计划进行短期市值管理是有效的,但并未显著提升公司长期价值,提示控股股东存在借其进行内部人利益绑定和市值管理的动机;进一步研究表明,公司内部治理机制对控股股东股权质押下推行员工持股计划的效果有限。     

Expropriation through loan guarantees to related parties: Evidence from China

We identify and analyze a sample of publicly traded Chinese firms that issued loan guarantees to their related parties (usually the controlling block holders), thereby expropriating wealth from minority shareholders. Our results show that the issuance of related guarantees is less likely at smaller firms, at more profitable firms and at firms with higher growth prospects. We also find that the identity and ownership of block holders affect the likelihood of expropriation. In addition, we use this sample to provide new evidence on the relation between tunneling and proxies for firm value and financial performance. We find that Tobin’s Q, ROA and dividend yield are significantly lower, and that leverage is significantly higher, at firms that issued related guarantees.     

Decisions Made by the Controlling Shareholder Under Financial Crisis

We employ a sample of 12,200 observations from 2,321 companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in China between 2005 and 2013 to test five hypotheses. The empirical results show that the cost of tunneling and ownership structure play important roles in restraining incentives to expropriate firms. Financial crisis will reinforce the incentive to propping rather than tunneling with higher ownership concentration. Moreover, controlling shareholders of state-owned enterprises show a stronger motivation to prop up during crisis periods than do those of non-state-owned enterprises. The results indicate that both an entrenchment effect and a convergence-of-interest effect actually exist and vary according to ownership structure and macroeconomic circumstances.     

Ownership dispersion across large shareholders and loan-syndicate structure

This study tests the relationship between ownership dispersion across large shareholders and the structure of loan syndicates. The results of an analysis of a set of bank loan contracts that were extended to Indonesian listed firms, from 1992 to 2016, show that an uneven ownership distribution between the largest controlling shareholder and multiple large shareholders is associated with a smaller and more concentrated syndicate. In line with the agency and moral hazard theoretical framework, the results suggest that in a weak legal system, when banks are lending to companies that are at a high risk of expropriation, they decrease the syndicate size and increase the syndicate concentration in order to intensify their efforts in due diligence and monitoring.     

Non-executive ownership and private loan pricing

This paper examines the link between non-executive employee ownership and the terms and pricing of corporate loans. We find that a one-standard-deviation increase in employee stock ownership is associated with 1.67% decrease in loan spreads and one fewer restrictive loan covenant. The negative effect of employee stock ownership on loan spreads remains significant when we use within-firm variation and perform an analysis with instrumental variables based on demographic characteristics to address the concerns of endogeneity. Further analysis reveals that employee stock ownership may affect loan spreads by improving corporate governance, curbing managerial risk-taking, reducing information asymmetry, and improving employee retention. In contrast, we find that employee ownership via stock options is associated with greater loan spreads, perhaps owing to their convex payoff structure. Overall, our results underscore the importance of the level and structure of employee ownership for pricing corporate loans.     

Role of Collateral and Personal Guarantees in Relationship Lending: Evidence from Japan's SME Loan Market

This paper investigates the determinants of the use of collateral and personal guarantees in Japan's SME loan market. We find that firms' riskiness does not have a significant effect on the likelihood that collateral is used. We find, however, that main banks whose claims are collateralized monitor borrowers more intensively and that borrowers who have a long-term relationship with their main banks are more likely to pledge collateral. These findings are consistent with the theory that the use of collateral is effective in raising the bank's seniority and enhances its screening and monitoring. This incentive effect for the bank becomes tenuous for personal guarantees.     

The Cascade Effect on Lending Conditions: Evidence from the Syndicated Loan Market

This paper investigates, both theoretically and empirically, how interactions among potential lenders may influence contract terms via informational cascade in the syndicated loan market. Our model shows that the ex‐post observed interest rate is higher and the probability of syndication failure is lower when potential lenders can only observe the decisions of their predecessors versus when they can freely communicate with each other. Empirical tests confirm the model's predictions and the existence of a cascade effect on lending conditions. Using relational distance to proxy for the segmentation of communication, we find that relational distance is positively related to the loan spread and the requirements for collateral and guarantees, but negatively related to the probability of syndication failure.     

Disentangling the Incentive and Entrenchment Effects of Large Shareholdings

This article disentangles the incentive and entrenchment effects of large ownership. Using data for 1,301 publicly traded corporations in eight East Asian economies, we find that firm value increases with the cash-flow ownership of the largest shareholder, consistent with a positive incentive effect. But firm value falls when the control rights of the largest shareholder exceed its cash-flow ownership, consistent with an entrenchment effect. Given that concentrated corporate ownership is predominant in most countries, these findings have relevance for corporate governance across the world.     

Family firms and crash risk: Alignment and entrenchment effects

Stock price crash risk could be lower in family firms because the controlling family investors have a longer-term interest, hold greater decision rights and are better informed than investors in diffusely owned firms (alignment effect). However, the agency costs between family and nonfamily investors (entrenchment effect) could affect crash risk in two opposing ways. Non-controlling investor skepticism about insider entrenchment limits overvaluation and reduces the crash risk. In contrast, entrenched insiders could hide bad news to exploit private benefits, which could increase the crash risk. We show that family firms exhibit a lower crash risk than similar nonfamily firms after controlling for lower overvaluation, which is consistent with the better alignment effect. Moreover, we show that better governance further reduces the crash risk, which indicates that the substitutive relationship between strong governance and family ownership shown in countries with low investor protection rights does not carry over to the U.S. where investor protection rights are strong.     

Stock‐Based Compensation in a Concentrated Ownership Setting: An Empirical Investigation

Stock‐based compensation has been viewed as an important mechanism for tying managers’ wealth to firm performance, and thus alleviating the agency conflict between the shareholders and the managers when ownership is diffused. However, in a concentrated ownership structure, controlling owners are usually the management of the firm; they can engage in self‐dealing activities to the detriment of minority shareholders’ interests. Yet, outside investors may anticipate the problem and discount the share price for the entrenchment behaviors they observe. In this study, we investigate how controlling owners trade off the benefits and the costs of using stock‐based compensation. Based on a sample of Taiwanese firms, our evidence shows that stock‐based compensation is negatively related to the agency problem embedded in a concentrated ownership structure. This relationship is evident among firms with more frequent equity offerings. Overall, our empirical evidence suggests that controlling owners consider the negative price effects of stock‐based compensation and trade off these costs with the benefits of expropriating minority shareholders’ interests, particularly when firms seek more external equity capital. Our results hold after controlling for selection bias and share collateral by controlling owners.     

Ultimate Government Control Structures and Firm Value: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

We show that 70% of Chinese listed companies are ultimately controlled by government agencies, thereby indicating that state ownership remains widespread in China's stock markets. Three questions are considered that are related to government control structures and their impact on firm value: (1) how do government agencies maintain their control of listed companies; (2) what are the impacts of different government control structures on firm value; and (3) are these impacts different in local government and central government-controlled firms? We find that the Chinese government controls listed companies directly or indirectly through solely state-owned enterprises (SSOEs). Taking into account the trade-off between political and agency costs, we show that firm value increases when some control rights are decentralized from the government to state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Moreover, decentralization improves significantly the performance of local government- controlled, but not central government-controlled firms.