Expected-loss-based Accounting for Impairment of Financial Instruments: The FASB and IASB Proposals 2009–2016

The financial and banking crisis of the late 2000s prompted claims that the incurred-loss method for the recognition of credit losses had caused undesirable delay in the recognition of credit-loss impairment. In the wake of the crisis, the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) worked towards the development of expected-loss-based methods of accounting for credit-loss impairment. Their work included an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to develop a converged FASB/IASB standard on credit-loss impairment. The FASB and IASB eventually developed their own separate expected-loss models to be included, respectively, in a 2016 FASB standard and in the IASB’s 2014 final version of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. The failure to achieve convergence on an issue of such high profile and materiality has generated some controversy, and it is claimed that it will impose significant costs on the preparers and users of the financial statements of banks. This paper examines the various sets of expected-loss-based proposals issued separately or jointly since 2009 by the FASB and the IASB. It describes and compares key features of the different approaches eventually developed by the two standard setters, referring to issues that arose in arriving at practically workable solutions and to issues that may have impeded FASB/IASB convergence. It also provides information indicative of the possible effect of differences between the two approaches.     

关于中央银行金融监管权边界的理论思考

中央银行应在多大程度上行使金融监管职能,长期以来一直是个理论上有争议的问题,在各国金融监管实践中也表现出不同的情况。然而,此次金融危机后,许多国家出台的金融监管体制改革方案都主张扩大中央银行的监管权限。本文拟对中央银行扩权的主要依据进行理论分析,并对我国金融监管框架的改革提一些建议。     

我国商业银行投行业务发展初探

随着市场竞争的日趋激烈和管制的放松,我国商业银行出现了投资银行业务与传统业务交叉融合的现象,投资银行业务成为商业银行一项重要的中间业务收入来源。当前,尽管综合经营已成为商业银行重要的利润增长点,但在经营过程中还存在着诸多问题。因此,必须实行投行业务分级准入制,完善风险的内外部控制体系及监控体系,才能使投行业务取得显著进展。     

人民银行与我国的金融稳定--对《中国人民银行法》第二条的思考

金融稳定是一个具有全局性、综合性的概念。维护金融稳定，需要行政手段、经济手段和法律手段的综合运用。因此金融稳定需要政府、政府宏观经济管理部门、中央银行、财政部门及各金融监管部门采取不同的政策措施来影响金融机构、金融市场和经济运行才能实现。所以，虽然《人民银行法》将金融稳定的职责赋予人民银行，但是人民银行的法定职权并不足以使其承担起维护金融稳定的责任。     

存款保险研究新进展:定价和制度效应

存款保险制度的主要作用是应对挤兑风险,加强公众对银行体系的信心。通过对现有关于存款保险定价和存款保险制度效应的文献进行梳理发现：基于期权定价法的存款保险定价方法虽较少在实践层面应用,但促进了存款保险制度的完善;存款保险制度受金融环境、制度设计及银行自身等影响而产生不同的效应,良性的制度运转与金融体系的完善相辅相成。未来的研究将着重考虑中小银行费率的厘定及存款保险制度与金融安全网之间的协同作用。     

美国次贷危机与金融制度重构

美国次贷危机暴露出的种种问题表明,系统性风险的来源已经发生了变化,而金融基础制度的安排,无论是国际金融风险监测预警框架,还是监管制度、会计标准和评级体系,却未跟上金融市场的发展。为了恢复投资人信心,提升金融市场效率,亟需重构金融制度。     

宏观审慎：概念、国际实践和启示

此轮国际金融危机的爆发和蔓延,暴露出仅关注单个机构稳健经营的微观审慎监管框架的不足。认真吸取金融危机的教训,强化宏观审慎管理已成为国际社会的共识。要完善宏观审慎分析方法,加强对系统性风险的监测;加强金融监管和协调,实现宏观审慎与微观审慎的互补;建立逆周期调节机制,缓解顺周期性对金融稳定的影响;加快建立存款保险制度,进一步健全金融安全网;积极参与国际金融合作,增强联合应对危机的能力。     

中央银行金融稳定性沟通的国际比较与借鉴

中央银行的金融稳定性沟通对维护一国金融体系的稳定具有重要作用。金融危机以来,各国央行日益增强了对金融稳定性的关注,有关金融稳定性沟通的实践也在不断深化。通过对各国央行近年来有关金融稳定性沟通的实践加以总结和评估,并针对中国人民银行有关金融稳定性沟通的现状,对提高我国中央银行的稳定性沟通的效率提出政策建议。     

商业银行服务收费的合法性问题分析

对中国商业银行服务收费行为的合法性分析应当从行政管理法律关系以及合同法律关系两个层面进行.银行业监管者应当更新观念,弱化行政管理惯性,促使商业银行与其客户之间通过合同法律关系的维度来确认双方的权利和义务.根据银行服务合同是否已经缔结这一判断标准,应当将商业银行的收费行为进行分类,并判断相应收费行为的合法性.为了促进金融...     

中国上市银行系统性风险度量——基于MES方法的分析

运用边际预期损失(MES)方法,通过DCC-GARCH模型和非参数估计计算我国14家上市银行的边际预期损失,并结合资产规模和杠杆率等因素度量各上市银行的系统性风险。研究结果表明,虽然资产规模、杠杆率和边际期望损失都是决定系统性风险的重要因素,但我国上市银行的系统性风险总体表现为:规模越大的银行,系统性风险也越大,即大型商业银行的系统性风险最大,股份制商业银行次之,城市商业银行的系统性风险最小。此外,三类商业银行的系统性风险随时间呈不同的变化趋势。     

Do Goodwill Impairments by European Firms Provide Useful Information to Investors?

In 2004 International Accounting Standards Board. (2004). International Accounting Standard (IAS) N°36: Impairment of assets. London: Author. [Google Scholar], the IASB adopted the mandatory annual impairment-test-only of goodwill (IAS 36) instead of amortization of goodwill. We present and discuss the academic literature regarding the association between the goodwill impairment, under this new standard, and the revision of investors’ expectations about a company’s future cash flows. The academic literature highlights that, in some specific cases, IAS 36 may help investors to revise their expectations. More precisely, goodwill impairment seems relevant when: (a) there is strong asymmetry of information between managers and investors, (b) managers disclose detailed information in the notes regarding their own assumptions about future cash flows, and (c) managers do not manage earnings and provide reliable information to investors. In many cases, goodwill impairment is probably useless for investors because they are able to revise their expectations based on public information, or because they cannot trust the accounting numbers and additional information in the notes about the impairment test, which are provided by (undisciplined) managers. More research is, however, needed to understand in which circumstances impairment-test-only is more useful, as well in which cases it is less adequate. Our analysis relates to the current post-implementation review and should be useful to standard-setters. Before any modification, we argue that standard-setters should carefully consider the economic and the institutional contexts when issuing a new accounting standard.     

银行监管和股东属性对银行风险的影响——基于新兴经济体的监管数据分析

银行监管按世界银行的标准划分为总体监管和12类分项监管;银行大股东属性包括政府类、金融企业类、外资类等.总体监管可以有效地降低银行风险;大股东为工业类、金融类企业的银行能够更好地控制风险,而家族类银行的风险程度较高;通过对分项监管进行研究可以发现,加强对所有权、资本要求、经营活动限制、外部审计要求、流动性、存款保险制度、退出及监管效率八个方面的监管可降低银行总体风险,而加强准入、内部管理、资产分类配置、信息披露这四类监管反而会增加银行总体风险.     

IFRS framework-based case study: DaimlerChrysler – Adopting IFRS accounting policies

This instructional case applies a framework-based approach to explore the concept of comparability in financial reporting and retrospective application of new accounting policies. The DaimlerChrysler (DC) case provides an opportunity for you to research key financial reporting concepts, analyze accounting policy differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS, determine adjustments necessary to convert financial statements from U.S. GAAP to IFRS, and compute and discuss key ratio impacts following financial statement conversion. This case demonstrates that transitioning to IFRS is more than an accounting issue; it provides opportunities for financial restructuring (e.g., Daimler’s amendments to pension plans and its 2007 sale of Chrysler). It also illustrates the importance of professional judgment when initially adopting IFRS accounting policies. Also, despite FASB and IASB convergence efforts, you learn that most of the key differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS identified in DC’s reconciliations continue today. This case helps you to: (1) develop skills to interpret and apply the requirements on first-time adoption of IFRS to a real-world setting; (2) research key differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS and their effects on the financial statements and ratios; and (3) understand significant impacts of the transition to IFRS on businesses and financial statements. Completing the case develops your critical thinking and research/technological skills.