流动性的度量及其与资产价格的关系

本文将流动性划分为货币流动性、银行系统流动性和市场流动性三个层次,总结了相应的可操作的度量方法,并通过中国数据进行了度量,从一个侧面论证了货币流动性是市场流动性的基础,以及市场流动性高时资产价格一般也较高的观点。基于货币流动性的基础性地位,本文进一步考察了货币流动性与资产价格的关系,发现超额货币流动性不仅影响股票的名义回报,还影响股票的真实回报;货币流动性在长期内受到股票真实回报的反作用,但这种作用可能是相对微小的。     

股票股利对股票流动性影响的实证分析

本文在对股票股利和股票流动性的相关理论和文献进行梳理的基础之上,运用事件研究法实证探讨了股票股利的发放与股票流动性的关系,最后给出了结论和原因分析。     

我国企业债券市场流动性测度研究

流动性在资本市场中占据着重要地位。国内外学术界对流动性概念及其测度方法都进行了大量的探讨,但是由于流动性有着多维属性,所以直到目前还不存在一个被学术界普遍认可的、能够准确刻画市场流动性的指标。本文拟选择六个适用于我国交易所企业债券市场的流动性指标,运用主成分分析法构建出一个综合性的指标对市场流动性进行测度。     

股票流动性会促进我国企业技术创新吗?北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文基于2006-2013年中国沪深A股上市公司数据,研究了股票流动性与企业技术创新的关系。在以专利授权量和研发效率两个维度对技术创新进行度量的基础上,使用股权分置改革和印花税调整作为准自然实验的外生冲击,结合倾向得分匹配和倍差估计法对本文提出的假说进行了实证检验,研究发现:企业性质对中国资本市场的股票流动性与企业技术创新之间的关系有明显调节作用;对于民营企业而言,股票流动性的提高降低了企业的技术创新水平;对于国有企业而言,在国有企业考核办法不断改进和股权多元化不断推进的情况下,股票流动性的提高有助于企业技术创新水平的提升。本文还就如何改善股市流动性和提高上市公司技术创新水平提出了相关政策建议。     

收益率差异视角下我国股票流动性测度指标的比较研究

在传统资产定价模型中依次引入换手率、成交金额、Amihud非流动性比率三种流动性度量指标,构造出改进后的Fama三因子模型,通过Fama-Macbeth两阶段回归的方法来探讨我国A股市场流动性溢价效应以及三种流动性度量指标的不同表现;然后,采用分位数回归的方法进一步检验三种流动性指标各自的适用范围。研究表明:中国A股市场存在较为显著的流动性风险溢价现象;不同的流动性指标与股票收益率之间的关系不同,换手率适合在低收益率情况下流动性的测度,Amihud非流动性比率更适合在中高收益率情况下流动性的测度,而成交金额指标未能通过检验,表现相对较差。     

中国股市流动性风险的度量——LVaR研究

本文基于证券价格服从连续算术布朗运动的假设，以投资者最小化变现损失为目标，利用上证50样本股票分别求出最优清算期和变现损失LVaR值。研究表明，相比较低流动性的股票组合而言，高流动性股票组合具有较低的波动性、较小的瞬时冲击系数、较短的清算期和较小的变现损失等；流动性差异以及不同的清算策略对变现损失都会带来非常大的影响；投资者可以根据市场流动性调整股票组合，以及利用最优交易执行策略等手段减少因流动性不足所导致的损失。     

阳光私募是否改善了股价信息效率？

本文以沪深两市的股票为研究对象,考察了近几年逐渐成长起来的阳光私募基金对股票流动性和信息效率的影响。研究发现:阳光私募基金持股比例越高,股票流动性越强。说明阳光私募基金改善了股票的流动性,能起到灵活市场的作用。阳光私募基金持有股票比例越高,股票信息效率越高。阳光私募基金交易股票的频率越高,信息效率越低。说明阳光私募基金持有股票在一定程度上能够改善股票的信息效率,但频繁交易却降低了信息效率,这也从另一个角度说明阳光私募基金应采取较为稳健的投资策略。由上述结论可以推断出,阳光私募基金在一定程度上起到了稳定市场的作用。     

洗售交易、机构投资者异质性与股票流动性

本文利用手动整理的中国证监会2014年至2019年共计6年间披露的235例洗售交易案例,实证检验了洗售交易对股票流动性的影响程度和影响机制,并进一步区分了不同类型机构投资者在洗售交易与股票流动性关系之间的作用。实证结果表明：(1)洗售交易增加了交易成本,降低了股票流动性;(2)受操纵股票波动性增加是洗售交易降低股票流动性的影响渠道,股价波动越大,受操纵股票的流动性越低;(3)不同类型机构投资者表现出很强的异质性,短期机构投资者和分散机构投资者增强了洗售交易对股票流动性的破坏程度,集中机构投资者降低了洗售交易对股票流动性的破坏程度。     

股指期货对股票市场流动性影响的实证分析

借助沪深300指数日交易数据,用成交量、相对价格、收益率波动率作为度量股票市场流动性指标,运用实证分析法分析了股指期货的推出对股票现货市场流动性的影响。研究发现,股指期货上市初期对股票现货市场流动性产生资金挤出效应,短期内降低了现货市场的流动性。从长期来看,由于股指期货具有吸引场外资金效应,吸引了大量的场外资金入市,股票现货市场流动性均呈逐步增强的趋势。     

流动性对股票收益率影响的实证研究--来自沪市A股市场的结果

资本资产定价模型的缺陷使得为股票收益率寻找更显著的影响因素成为现代金融领域一个重要课题.通过在我国沪市A股市场中进行流动性对股票收益率影响的实证检验,得到结论:在沪市A股市场中,不论是在短期还是长期内,流动性对股票收益率都有重要影响.     

Global liquidity risk in the foreign exchange market

Using a broad data set of 20 US dollar exchange rates and order flow of institutional investors over 14 years, we construct a measure of global liquidity risk in the foreign exchange (FX) market. Our FX liquidity measure may be seen as the analog of the well-known Pastor–Stambaugh liquidity measure for the US stock market. We show that this measure has reasonable properties, and that there is a strong common component in liquidity across currencies. Finally, we provide evidence that liquidity risk is priced in the cross-section of currency returns, and estimate the liquidity risk premium in the FX market around 4.7 percent per annum.     

Information Disclosure and Stock Liquidity: Evidence from Borsa Italiana

This article examines the effect of increased corporate information disclosure on stock liquidity. Using the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Italy as a natural experiment we extend previous work examining the effect on one measure of liquidity—bid‐ask spreads—to others, specifically depth and the price impact of transactions (or effective bid‐ask spreads). Consistent with previous research we find that bid‐ask spreads of stocks decline following the introduction of IFRS, which implies that stock liquidity increases for small traders. However, we also provide evidence that depth at the best quotes declines, which challenges the proposition that liquidity increases for large trades following an increase in disclosure. In additional tests, we find that effective bid‐ask spreads of block trades also decline following the introduction of IFRS. Overall, this evidence confirms that stock liquidity for both small and large trades increases following an increase in corporate information disclosure.     

The Impact of Short-Sales Constraints on Liquidity and the Liquidity–Return Relations

Baker and Stein's (2004) model predicts that individual stock liquidity, commonality in liquidity across stocks, the contemporaneous correlation between stock returns and liquidity, and the degree of high liquidity associated with low subsequent stock returns decrease in the absence of short-sales constraints relative to in the presence. To test these theoretical predictions, we examine both the component stocks of the Taiwan 50 index and other nonindex stocks for the sample period before and after the removal of short-sales constraints on the former and use trading turnover and Amihud's (2002) illiquidity ratio as the measure of liquidity to proxy for investor sentiment. Overall, our empirical results are consistent with these theoretical predictions and therefore provide evidence in support of Baker and Stein's (2004) model.     

Does short selling improve stock price efficiency and liquidity? Evidence from a natural experiment in China

China introduced short selling for designated stocks in March 2010. Using this important policy change as a natural experiment, we examine the effect of short selling on stock price efficiency and liquidity. We show that the introduction of short selling significantly improves price efficiency, as measured by the differences in individual stock responses to market returns and the delay in price adjustments. Short selling also enhances stock liquidity, as measured by bid-ask spread and Amihud [2002. ‘Illiquidity and Stock Returns: Cross-section and Time-series Effects.’ Journal of Financial Markets 5: 31–56] illiquidity measure; and reduces stock volatility. Overall, our results suggest that short selling helps to stabilize asset prices, provides additional liquidity and improves market quality, even in an emerging economy with a less developed stock market than that in the US and Europe.     

Reprint of: Market liquidity in the financial crisis: The role of liquidity commonality and flight-to-quality

We examine the dynamics and the drivers of market liquidity during the financial crisis, using a unique volume-weighted spread measure. According to the literature we find that market liquidity is impaired when stock markets decline, implying a positive relation between market and liquidity risk. Moreover, this relationship is the stronger the deeper one digs into the order book. Even more interestingly, this paper sheds further light on so far puzzling features of market liquidity: liquidity commonality and flight-to-quality. We show that liquidity commonality varies over time, increases during market downturns, peaks at major crisis events and becomes weaker the deeper we look into the limit order book. Consistent with recent theoretical models that argue for a spiral effect between the financial sector’s funding liquidity and an asset’s market liquidity, we find that funding liquidity tightness induces an increase in liquidity commonality which then leads to market-wide liquidity dry-ups. Therefore our findings corroborate the view that market liquidity can be a driving force for financial contagion. Finally, we show that there is a positive relationship between credit risk and liquidity risk, i.e., there is a spread between liquidity costs of high and low credit quality stocks, and that in times of increased market uncertainty the impact of credit risk on liquidity risk intensifies. This corroborates the existence of a flight-to-quality or flight-to-liquidity phenomenon also on the stock markets.     

Market liquidity in the financial crisis: The role of liquidity commonality and flight-to-quality

We examine the dynamics and the drivers of market liquidity during the financial crisis, using a unique volume-weighted spread measure. According to the literature we find that market liquidity is impaired when stock markets decline, implying a positive relation between market and liquidity risk. Moreover, this relationship is the stronger the deeper one digs into the order book. Even more interestingly, this paper sheds further light on so far puzzling features of market liquidity: liquidity commonality and flight-to-quality. We show that liquidity commonality varies over time, increases during market downturns, peaks at major crisis events and becomes weaker the deeper we look into the limit order book. Consistent with recent theoretical models that argue for a spiral effect between the financial sector’s funding liquidity and an asset’s market liquidity, we find that funding liquidity tightness induces an increase in liquidity commonality which then leads to market-wide liquidity dry-ups. Therefore our findings corroborate the view that market liquidity can be a driving force for financial contagion. Finally, we show that there is a positive relationship between credit risk and liquidity risk, i.e., there is a spread between liquidity costs of high and low credit quality stocks, and that in times of increased market uncertainty the impact of credit risk on liquidity risk intensifies. This corroborates the existence of a flight-to-quality or flight-to-liquidity phenomenon also on the stock markets.     

A tale of two prices: Liquidity and asset prices in multiple markets

This paper investigates the liquidity effect in asset pricing by studying the liquidity–premium relationship of an American depositary receipt (ADR) and its underlying share. Using the [Amihud, Yakov, 2002. Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time series effects. Journal of Financial Markets 5, 31–56] measure, the turnover ratio and trading infrequency as proxies for liquidity, we show that a higher ADR premium is associated with higher ADR liquidity and lower home share liquidity, in terms of changes in these variables. We find that the liquidity effects remain strong after we control for firm size and a number of country characteristics, such as the expected change in the foreign exchange rate, the stock market performance, as well as several variables measuring the openness and transparency of the home market.     

Asset Liquidity and Stock Liquidity: International Evidence

This study examines the relationship between asset liquidity and stock liquidity across 47 countries. In support of the valuation uncertainty hypothesis, we find that firms with greater asset liquidity on average have higher stock liquidity. More importantly, our study shows that asset liquidity plays a more significant role in resolving valuation uncertainty in countries with poor information environment. For example, we find that the asset–stock liquidity relationship is stronger in countries with poor accounting standards. We further find evidence that after the adoption of IFRS, the improved accounting information environment results in a weaker asset–stock liquidity relation, but only in countries with a strong legal regime. Finally, our study shows that the positive asset–stock liquidity relationship may be attributed to transparency and/or liquidity reasons.     

Stock price synchronicity and liquidity

We argue and provide evidence that stock price synchronicity affects stock liquidity. Under the relative synchronicity hypothesis, higher return co-movement (i.e., higher systematic volatility relative to total volatility) improves liquidity. Under the absolute synchronicity hypothesis, stocks with higher systematic volatility or beta are more liquid. Our results support both hypotheses. We find all three illiquidity measures (effective proportional bid-ask spread, price impact measure, and Amihud's illiquidity measure) are negatively related to stock return co-movement and systematic volatility. Our analysis also shows that larger industry-wide component in returns improves liquidity. We find that improvement in liquidity following additions to the S&P 500 Index is related to the stock's increase in return co-movement.     

Measuring the liquidity part of volume

Based on the concept that the presence of liquidity frictions can increase the daily traded volume, we develop an extended version of the mixture of distribution hypothesis model (MDH) along the lines of Tauchen and Pitts (1983) to measure the liquidity portion of volume. Our approach relies on a structural definition of liquidity frictions arising from the theoretical framework of Grossman and Miller (1988), which explains how liquidity shocks affect the way in which information is incorporated into daily trading characteristics. In addition, we propose an econometric setup exploiting the volatility–volume relationship to filter the liquidity portion of volume and infer the presence of liquidity frictions using daily data. Finally, based on FTSE 100 stocks, we show that the extended MDH model proposed here outperforms that of Andersen (1996) and that the liquidity frictions are priced in the cross-section of stock returns.