税务筹划、非应税项目损益与盈余管理

本文从税务筹划与盈余管理各自的定义及目标出发,来探讨两者间的关系,得出税务筹划是盈余管理的重要手段之一,税务筹划对盈余管理具有能动的反映作用,非应税项目损益实现了税务筹划与盈余管理目标的协同。     

税收规避与财务报告成本的权衡研究——来自中国2008年所得税改革的证据

本文以我国2008年所得税改革为契机,借鉴Shackelford和Shevlin(2001)的税与非税因素权衡模型,实证考察有减税预期的上市公司在税收规避中是否权衡了财务报告成本。本文发现,有减税预期的公司存在将减税之前期间的利润推迟确认到未来低所得税率期间的盈余管理行为,且为避免这一行为过于明显而遭致惩罚,利润跨期转移的期间宽度较长。但有着高财务报告成本的公司明显降低了这一跨期利润转移的动机。研究证实了我国上市公司在税收规避决策中权衡了税与财务报告成本。研究结论有助于进一步丰富盈余管理文献,对当前我国税收制度改革具有一定参考意义。     

不同投资模式下公司避税效应的非对称性研究——基于双阶差分模型的实证检验

运用双阶差分模型探究了并购与新建投资模式下公司避税效应的非对称性,并进一步从事后的视角探究该非对称性是否是影响企业投资模式选择的显著影响因素。研究发现：相比于新建投资,并购增加了收购方会计利润应税所得差异,且实质性地降低了其所得税实际有效税率,这表明不同投资模式下公司避税效应存在理论预期的非对称性。进一步研究发现,改变企业会计利润应税所得差异以及会计利润应税所得操纵程度是影响企业投资模式选择的重要因素。从事后的视角来看,企业很可能为了获取更大程度的公司避税效应而选择并购行为。     

我国上市公司盈余管理行为分析

盈余管理也称盈余操纵，是指企业管理当局出于某种动机，利用法规政策的空白或灵活性，通过各种手段对企业财务利润或获利能力进行操纵的行为。随着资本市场的日益发展，西方许多国家曾经出现过的盈余管理问题，不可避免地也出现在我国。盈余操纵过度，必然造成欺诈。区分盈余操纵和欺诈的标准是盈余操纵的方法是否被法规政策认可。欺诈是指违反法规政策。盈余操纵是指蓄意选择形式上被法规政策所认可的会计处理方法或财务处理方法，以达到管理当局所希望的会计数据，实质上并不能反映公司的真实经营业绩。从目前情况看，为了达到某种目的，上市公司盈余操纵的现象非常普遍，比如：有些上市公司主营业务利润很低，甚至亏损，但净利润却很高，非经营性损益在利润中所占的比重很大；还有的上市公司总是在一年盈利一年亏损的怪圈中徘徊。这些现象表明，一些上市公司在人为地调控利润。     

基于资产减值的盈余管理与税务成本之间的关系研究

资产减值的计提与转回作为利润的“蓄水池”、历来是上市公司进行盈余管理的重要手段。本文以沪深两市2007—2009年3207家A股上市公司为研究样本，对企业利用减值准备进行盈余管理的现象进行研究。研究发现，随着公司计提（转回）的减值准备在利润总额中比例的提高，公司的所得税税负也将提高。     

非经常性损益，资产减值准备与盈余管理

会计盈余信息是会计报表中最核心的信息。企业的会计盈余可以分为两个部分：经常性盈余和非经常性盈余。近年来,上市公司为达到首发上市、保住配股资格、保住上市壳资源等目的,频繁进行非经常性损益操控的行为引起了社会各界的关注。证监会为了保护投资者利益,对非经常性盈余的列报做了规定,但这并不能从根本上改变企业操纵非经常性损益从而进行盈余管理的行为。由于上市公司经常利用资产减值准备进行利润的调整,相关监管部门也对此有所警觉。     

我国退市制度与亏损公司财务能力研究

本文以我国2001-2010年的连续亏损上市公司为研究对象,分析了这些公司连续亏损期间财务能力的持续性和差异性。研究发现：连续亏损期间,公司财务能力持续恶化,但那些最终扭亏为盈公司的财务能力较强;亏损公司均有利用非经常性损益操纵会计盈余以规避退市监管的倾向。研究证实,以亏损持续时间为标准制定退市政策具有一定的逻辑合理性,但存在容易被规避的缺陷。     

中国上市公司会计差错的动因分析

本文以 1999- 2 0 0 1年的年度财务报表中出现“会计差错更正”的A股上市公司为样本 ,研究了高报盈余的会计差错的动因。研究表明 ,高报盈余的会计差错有着明显的盈余管理的动机 ,当期利润低于上期 ,有较高的资产负债率 ,线下项目产生的收益高以及规模小和亏损的公司更容易产生高报盈余的错误。本文的研究发展了盈余管理研究的内容 ,为监管部门加强监管、防范上市公司操纵盈余、提高会计信息质量提供了经验证据     

货币政策与上市公司盈余管理——一个基于公司治理视角的研究

本文以非经常性损益(营业外收支净额)作为盈余管理代理变量,利用中国A股上市公司2002-2008年的季度数据,在引入公司治理因素后,研究了货币政策对微观经济主体会计政策选择的异质性影响。研究结果表明,整体而言,中国人民银行货币政策变更显著影响微观经济主体的会计行为:当人民银行实行从紧的货币政策时,上市公司通过盈余操纵增加利润来抵消从紧的货币政策带来的负面冲击。进一步,我们的研究发现:相对于国有、非ST类和交叉上市公司,民营企业、ST类及单一上市公司更有可能进行盈余管理,表明公司治理因素对企业会计行为有显著影响。最后,针对研究结论进行了分析并提出了相应的政策建议。     

中国上市公司盈余管理的手段与经验识别

中国上市公司盈余管理的主要手段包括调节销售收入、调节成本费用、人为创造交易、利用资产减值准备计提、利用非经常项目损益。投资者对此需有明确认识,并可通过经验识别,有助于防范和规避投资风险。     

Can book-tax differences capture earnings management and tax Management? Empirical evidence from China

This study investigates the relationship between book-tax differences (BTDs) and earnings management, tax management, and their interactions in Chinese-listed companies. Using unique tax-effect BTDs obtained from Chinese B-share-listed firms, we find that firms with strong incentives for earnings and tax management exhibit high levels of abnormal BTDs. This suggests that BTDs can be used to capture both accounting and tax manipulations induced by managerial motivations. Our results indicate that earnings management explains 7.4% of abnormal BTDs, tax management accounts for 27.8% of abnormal BTDs, and their interaction explains 3.2% of abnormal BTDs. Tax-effect BTDs are more powerful than income-effect BTDs in capturing opportunistic reporting at both conceptual and empirical levels.     

对适合我国上市公司研究的会计——税收差异计量方法探讨

会计——税收差异的计量是从会计——税收差异角度研究盈余质量和从税收监管角度研究税收庇护活动对企业纳税影响的共同难题。借鉴西方国家会计——税收差异的计量方法,结合我国企业所得税的核算和披露制度,本文认为,以财务报告数据为基础的计量方法比较适合我国目前的上市公司研究。     

Book-tax conformity and capital structure

We examine the effect of increased book-tax conformity on corporate capital structure. Prior studies document a decrease in the informativeness of accounting earnings for equity markets resulting from higher book-tax conformity. We argue that the decrease in earnings informativeness impacts equity holders more than debt holders because of the differences in payoff structures between debt and equity investments such that increases in book-tax conformity lead to increases in firms’ reliance on debt capital. We exploit a natural experiment in the U.S. and find that firms facing an increase in required book-tax conformity increase leverage relative to other firms. We also provide evidence of an increase in the cost of equity (but not of debt) capital for firms facing an increase in required book-tax conformity, relative to control firms, and show that these increases in cost of equity capital are positively associated with an increase in leverage. Our findings are consistent with firms substituting away from equity and toward more debt in the presence of higher book-tax conformity.     

关联交易、线下项目与盈余管理——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

近年来,关联交易盈余管理愈演愈烈,极大地损害了投资者的利益。以往大量研究提供了上市公司操纵应计项目及线下项目进行盈余管理的证据,本文则以中国上市公司2002--2004年的面板数据为研究样本,首次大样本检验关联交易、线下项目与盈余管理的关系。本文的主要结论包括：（1）有配股盈余管理动机的公司的第一类关联交易（通常计入线上项目的关联交易）比例显著高于控制样本,第三类关联交易（担保抵押类关联交易）比例显著低于控制样本。（2）有避亏盈余管理动机的公司的第二类关联交易（通常计入线下项目的关联交易）比例显著高于控制样本。（3）有盈余管理动机的公司,当其附属企业集团时,或者其控股股东处于绝对控股地位时,其关联交易比例更高。（4）第一类关联交易与线下项目显著负相关,有盈余管理动机的公司,线下项目较低时第一类关联交易比例较高。（5）配股公司配股后的关联销售和关联采购比例显著低于配股前。扭亏为盈的公司扭亏当年的第二类关联交易比例显著高于扭亏前一年。综上所述,计入线上项目的关联交易是上市公司为获取配股资格而进盈余管理的重要手段,计入线下项目的关联交易是上市公司为避免亏损而进行盈余管理的重要手段;上市公司控股股东处于绝对控股地位时,或控股股东隶属某一企业集团时,关联交易盈余管理行为更严重;进行盈余管理时,线下项目与计入线上项目的关联交易具有替代性。     

Corporate tax avoidance and the timeliness of annual earnings announcements

Consistent with an agency theory of tax avoidance, this study investigates the extent to which tax avoidance results in a less timely annual earnings announcement. Using 16,340 firm-years spanning the period 1993–2010, evidence is presented suggesting tax avoidance that manifests through greater temporary and permanent book-tax differences results in a less timely annual earnings announcement. This result is robust to including several controls previously documented to affect reporting delay, including the magnitude of the earnings surprise, size, profitability, auditor-related influences, shareholder composition, capital intensity, financial reporting aggressiveness and financial condition. Evidence is also presented suggesting that tax avoidance impacts the value-relevance of earnings to investors at the announcement date, evaluated by the earnings response coefficient.     

Earnings management induced by tax planning: The case of Portuguese private firms

In Portugal, a concept of taxable income associated closely with reported accounting income is used to determine the tax liability of firms. Recently, the Portuguese government legislated to introduce a system of “special payment on account” (SPA). Firms were required to pay an amount of income tax in advance that varied between a promulgated minimum and maximum. Although such a tax is unique to Portugal, other countries have tax arrangements that are similar in intent. Thus, Portugal's experience with the introduction of a SPA regime is likely to be instructive in fiscal policy deliberations in other settings.We assess the extent to which the SPA tax policy measure encouraged private Portuguese companies to manipulate earnings. We find that earnings manipulation appears to have been motivated by desire to minimize SPA. Firms whose estimate of SPA liability fell within the range of minimum and maximum limits of the SPA had higher levels of discretionary accruals than firms whose estimate was (equal to or) above the ceiling imposed by the new legislation. Firms with higher rates of income tax were found to reduce earnings to near zero. Firms with higher average income tax rates were more likely to manipulate their earnings than other firms.Our results reinforce the importance for auditors, stakeholders, and tax policy advisors to be alert to the close association between tax planning considerations and reported earnings in their monitoring, analysis, and policy advising activities.     

Earnings Persistence and Stock Market Reactions to the Different Information in Book-Tax Differences: Evidence from China

Prior studies document that book-tax differences (BTDs) reflect divergent reporting rules for book and tax purposes, and contain information about earnings management and tax planning. In this paper, we investigate whether the regulatory and opportunistic information impounded in BTDs differentially influences earnings persistence and the earnings–returns relation. Using BTD data from China, we separate BTDs into normal BTDs (NBTDs) and abnormal BTDs (ABTDs). NBTDs are more likely driven by regulatory differences between accounting and tax rules and ABTDs are more likely driven by earnings and tax management activities. We find that firms with large positive and negative ABTDs (NBTDs) exhibit less earnings persistence compared to firms with small ABTDs (NBTDs). However, the level of earnings persistence for large unsigned ABTD firms is significantly lower than it is for large unsigned NBTD firms. While large unsigned NBTDs appear to enhance the earnings–returns relation, we find no evidence that large unsigned ABTDs affect the earnings–returns relation. Overall, the results suggest that the differing components of BTDs have differential implications for earnings quality. Additional tests show that ABTDs and NBTDs can provide incremental information about earnings persistence beyond the information in discretionary accruals and total accruals, suggesting that the investigation of BTDs adds value to financial analysis.     

基于深市上市公司IPO盈余管理实证研究

在分析IPO盈余管理动机的基础上,研究了IPO公司进行盈余管理的手段及其影响。以2008年在深圳证券交易所上市的71家公司为对象,通过研究其2006-2010五年的经济数据,运用改进后的Jones模型,得出两个结论：上市公司的业绩在IPO前后存在明显的差异,并且上市前两年的业绩高于IPO当年及IPO后两年;上市公司通过调整应计利润进行盈余的操纵。最后针对分析结果提出相应对策,以期对加强证券市场监管,完善公司治理结构,帮助投资者进行投资决策做出贡献。     

有效预警上市公司违规的递延所得税异动指标和人工智能模型

2000-2017年,3434家A股上市公司样本中的47.79%至少有一次违规记录,每年平均有17%的公司违规,而监管机构平均需要2.7年查证并通告违规行为。我们用当年数据构建递延所得税异动指标,可有效预判违规,并发现监管机构未能识别这一指标的警示作用,实际激励了违规公司通过操纵递延所得税提高财务指标以规避稽查。进一步构建决策树模型,对违规事件实现样本外精准判别。本文揭示了A股公司大面积违规而稽查过程冗长迟缓这一重要现象,并分析了违规机制,指出了所得税数据在稽查违规中可以发挥的预警作用,为监管者和投资者提供有效预警上市公司违规行为的新指标和方法。