公允价值与顺周期效应直接相关吗?

2008年全球性金融危机爆发以来,理论界和实务界围绕公允价值会计计量问题展开了激烈的争论.外界认为公允价值会计具有顺周期效应,公允价值计量方法扩大了资产负债表的波动性,导致金融危机的爆发.公允价值是否具有顺周期效应、是否是导致金融危机的根源成为争论的热点话题.十几年间有关公允价值的讨论不断,这对公允价值未来的走向产生深刻影响.本文分析了公允价值会计是否与顺周期效应直接相关,同时对如何避免顺周期效应给出一些建议.     

后金融危机时代公允价值会计顺周期效应研究

2008年的金融危机使公允价值会计成为批判的焦点,暴露出公允价值会计在理论和实务中的许多缺陷和不足。文章在对公允价值会计顺周期效应进行理论分析的基础上,指出公允价值会计顺周期效应产生的根源在于现行财务报告体系下公允价值计量方式在报表中的运用,而实务中会计估值的随意性和披露的不完全性则加剧了公允价值会计问题的严重性。展望未来,我们应在保留传统会计体系报告模式的的基础上,加大公允价值会计信息的披露。     

公允价值会计的顺周期效应与金融稳定

美国次贷危机以来,理论界和实务界围绕公允价值会计计量问题展开了激烈的争论,其中公允价值会计顺周期效应则是引发这场争论的起源。由于会计职能的客观反应性,使得公允价值会计在对资产的客观计量过程中,具有明显的、先天性的顺周期特征。公允价值会计的顺周期效应是诸多要素综合作用的结果,如果将金融危机的源头和动力直指公允价值会计本身是缺乏说服力的;在经济环境既定的条件下,顺周期效应的产生更多的是主体对利益追求的不理智,以及在利益疏导与危机遏制过程中的主观偏向造成,因此任何有关解决公允价值顺周期效应问题的措施,都不应只关注公允价值会计本身的改革。     

资产负债表视角下的公允价值会计顺周期效应研究

在近几年的金融危机中,公允价值会计被指责为扩大了资产负债表的波动性,即具有顺周期效应。本文通过模拟正常的商业周期以及极端条件下的商业周期,比较了完全公允价值、混合计量属性两种计量模式对银行资产负债表波动性的不同影响。模拟的结果揭示了虽然应用公允价值会计时,资产负债表的数据存在一定的波动;但是该波动反映了经济体自身波动,波动也不一定具有顺周期性,波动的幅度受市场环境的影响。最后在此基础上得出公允价值会计并非必然导致顺周期效应的结论。     

公允价值会计的顺周期效应及其应对策略

公允价值会计是否具有顺周期效应从而导致金融危机愈演愈烈,是学术界、实务界和监管部门争论的焦点问题。本文在综述了相关研究的基础上,论述了公允价值会计诱发顺周期效应的机理和传导机制,最后对准则制定部门和监管部门提出的缓解顺周期效应的应对策略进行评述。     

对实施IFRS9金融工具分类计量影响分析

2008年的国际金融危机爆发后,金融工具会计准则尤其是公允价值计量的顺周期效应,引起了较大的争议。在对金融危机的反思过程中,大家深入思考会计准则的经济后果以及金融工具会计准则的复杂性等问题,重点反思金融危机状态下公允价值计量对保持金融体系稳定和改进金融宏观调控的重要影响。G20华盛顿峰会和伦敦峰会还将改革会计准则纳入增强金融体系的框架,呼吁会计准则制定机构与相关监管机构共同改善有关公允价值计量、金融工具分     

公允价值会计的顺周期效应及其应对策略

公允价值会计的顺周期效应是否导致了全球经济危机,甚至使危机越演越烈,一直都是相关从业人员至为关心的话题之一.我国作为全球第二大经济体,不可避免地受到经济危机的冲击,导致国内经济也出现了一点影响.虽然在金融学和经济学中,关于顺周期效应的研究不少,但是在会计学中,关于公允价值会计的顺周期效应的研究却是不多.本文有鉴于此,给合当前的经济情况,在论述什么是公允价值会计的顺周期效应的基础上,分别分析了该效应的传到机制和应对策略.     

基于损益表视角下的公允价值会计顺周期效应研究

2008年全球金融体系经历狂风骤雨危机,对这场金融风暴前因后果的讨论持续数年,公允价值会计处于风暴中心被认为放大了损益表的盈余波动并具有顺周期效应.本文通过从实际银行样本中抽取的"四大国行"2008-2010年度损益表,比较公允价值会计在正常和极端二种经济条件下的商业周期中对银行损益表的影响,甄别产生公允价值会计顺周期效应的方式,便于准确评估公允价值会计对银行损益造成的影响,为银行监督者和高管层提供科学量化的见解.研究结果揭示:损益表的波动受市场环境的影响反映经济体自身波动,不一定具有顺周期性,公允价值会计并非必然导致顺周期效应.     

公允价值计量与资产评估——基于公允价值会计的顺周期效应的思考

2008年以来全球性金融风暴不仅严重地打击了世界各国的经济，同时也使得公允价值会计产生了顺周期效应。如何抑制公允价值会计的顺周期效应已经成为会计界及相关部门关注的焦点问题，本文力图从资产评估的角度探讨抑制公允价值会计的顺周期效应。     

基于公允价值计量的衍生金融工具的会计风险探析——以中国建设银行股份有限公司为例

本文首先介绍在新会计准则中,衍生金融工具的公允价值计量的方法和原则。在此基础上,以中国建设银行股份有限公司为例,重点分析基于公允价值计量的衍生金融工具在会计确认、会计计量和会计信息披露中可能产生的风险。最后,提出了防范衍生金融工具使用公允价值计量的会计风险的方法。     

衍生金融工具会计风险问题研究

针对大多数衍生金融工具为表外业务,无法在财务报表中加以确认和计量的特点,本文讨论了衍生金融工具存在的计量风险,以及采用公允价值方法与及时信息披露方法结合对衍生金融工具计量和披露,由于会计计量属性的原因,会计难以全面披露衍生金融工具的风险,由此讨论如何规避由于采用衍生金融工具而导致的会计风险的方法和措施。     

Management Perceptions of Fair-Value Accounting for all Financial Instruments

Accounting for all financial instruments at fair value is a controversial issue currently under review by standard-setters. Banking industry associations have typically opposed the use of fair-value accounting for financial instruments. This study examines perceptions of managers at financial institutions regarding support for recording all financial instruments at fair value. Managers at financial institutions do not uniformly oppose the use of fair-value accounting for all instruments. Considerable variation is found, ranging from strong support to strong opposition. Support for fair-value accounting is negatively associated with concern about excess volatility in reported earnings. There is less concern that the fair value of assets and liabilities cannot be reliably measured.     

Fair value accounting: Simulacra and simulation

The paper examines the application of simulacra and simulation in fair value accounting for financial instruments in the U.S. As copies of copies, simulacra problematize the notion of an original and with it an imaginary of a single authentic reality. We examine simulacra as they have been applied in two interconnected fair value accounting arenas. Firstly, simulacra employed as a measurement basis for certain financial instruments. In this regard, we challenge the FASB's insistence that fair value accounting is an originary market based measurement system. Secondly, we examine the process of simulation as employed by the FASB in copying and amending FAS 157 in its subsequent modifications to the guidance provided to the preparers of financial statements. Our purpose here is to both reinforce the absence of a market reality and also to illustrate how the FASB's subsequent modifications to FAS 157 were shaped by political forces. We conclude with some suggestions as to how simulacra and a politicization process might be productively embraced in future fair value accounting endeavors.     

Procyclicality of U.S. Bank Leverage

In light of the current debate about the link between accounting and financial stability, we investigate the determinants of procyclical book leverage for U.S. commercial and savings banks. We find that total asset growth and GDP growth are both positively related to book leverage growth. Our evidence is not consistent with the notion that fair value accounting contributes to procyclical leverage or that historical cost accounting reduces procyclicality. Overall, the business model of banks is more important for procyclical leverage than accounting or regulatory risk weights.     

Fair value accounting from a distributed cognition perspective

This study offers a unique interdisciplinary perspective on fair value accounting. The growing influence of esoteric financial instruments whose valuation is becoming increasingly complex makes it necessary to focus on actual valuation practices. Based on an extensive review, this paper regards fair value accounting for complex financial instruments as involving processes distributed among actors located inside and/or outside a reporting entity. It also draws attention to collaboration by organizations that apply their external and internal resources to perform complex financial valuations. Furthermore, it demonstrates that cases involving unusual market conditions underline the importance of human interactions to the valuation process.     

公允价值会计涉及的三个层次基本理论问题

本文认为公允价值计量模式是与财务报告的决策有用性目标相一致的,如果财务报告决策有用性的目标不能被推翻,则公允价值计量模式不会被取消。但是公允价值计量模式在短期内不会成为唯一的计量模式,21世纪将是混合计量模式的时代。既然混合计量模式将是未来相当长时期内的主要会计计量模式,那么各财务报表项目采用何种计量属性应以财务报表需达到的质量要求为判断依据,采用公允价值计量的项目应提高其信息质量。     

金融工具公允价值信息的价值相关性

本文以会计信息决策有用性的计量观为基础,通过实证方法对比分析了新企业会计准则实施前后,公允价值是否改进会计信息对公司股票市场价格的影响,以及金融工具的公允价值信息与历史成本对公司股票市场价格的影响;新准则实施后公允价值变动损益对公司的股票市场价值的影响。研究结果表明:在引入公允价值计量属性后,盈余信息和净资产账面价值对模型的整体解释能力有所提高;公允价值计量的金融工具具有显著的增量价值相关性和相对价值相关性,投资者在投资决策时已经开始考虑公允价值因素,金融工具公允价值信息具有价值相关性。     

Issues in the Drive to Measure Liabilities at Fair Value

This paper compares the discussion on liability measurement in Accounting The0y Monograph 10 with the liability measurement requirements in recent international proposals on accounting for financial instruments. Rather than conducting a detailed review of the Monograph, the paper examines three major issues which wawant amplifjing, extending or criticising: What is “fair value”? Why fair value liabilities? Should fair value include an entity's own credit risk? The focus is on financial liabilities such as “plain vanilla” debt; other financial liabilities, such as insurance obligations, pensions, wawanties and environmental damage restoration involve additional considerations and are therefore not considered.