碳交易能否缩小城乡收入差距？

摘要：如何缩小城乡收入差距是实现全体人民共同富裕的重大挑战。基于碳交易影响城乡收入差距的内在逻辑,运用中国2010－2019年208个样本城市数据,采用双重差分法实证检验碳交易对城乡收入差距的影响及作用机制。研究发现：碳交易能显著缩小城乡收入差距,该影响主要通过提高农村居民收入实现;碳交易缩小城乡收入差距的作用在不同类型的城市具有显著的异质性,对碳排放强度高、城市化水平低和煤炭依赖度高的城市缩小效应更为明显。研究将碳交易与城乡收入差距纳入统一框架,提出碳交易的收入分配效应,为实现“双碳战略”与共同富裕两大目标提供证据支持和建议参考。     

促进县级工会经费代收新跨越

工会经费是工会开展工作与活动的物质基础,委托地税部门代收工会经费打破了传统收缴模式,创新了收缴机制。我县地税代收工会经费以来,代收工作不断规范,工会经费收入逐年增长,为工会各项工作的开展和改善1二会的社会形象发挥了重要作用。但也有一些问题亟待解决,以实现工会经费代收工作的新突破,从而更好地促进工会整体工作的发展。     

金融发展、城市化与城乡居民收入差距研究

本文通过构建一个二元分析框架对我国金融发展、城市化与城乡居民收入差距之间的作用机制进行了分析,并采用向量误差修正模型(VECM)进行实证分析,得到结论:在经济和金融存在城乡二元结构的条件下,农村部门外部融资度的提高将提高农村部门居民的收入水平,同样的,城市部门外部融资度的提高也将提高城市部门居民的收入水平,但是整体金融发展水平的提高将扩大城乡居民收入差距,而其影响具有滞后性。金融城乡二元结构的缓解和城市化都有利于缩小城乡居民收入差距,但是金融城乡二元结构的缓解将延缓城市化进程,而金融发展对城市化具有促进作用,并进而通过城市化这一中介变量间接缩小城乡居民收入差距。本文并对结论背后的政策含义进行了阐述。     

我国金融机构发展规模和效率对城乡居民收入差距的影响研究

受二元经济结构的影响,我国城乡居民收入差距明显,已成为制约经济社会高质量发展的重要原因。作为现代经济的核心,近年来金融业得到快速发展,既为城乡居民提高收入水平、改善生活品质创造了更多机会,也对居民的投融资行为构成了差异化影响。文章以我国31个省市区的实际数据为研究样本,运用VAR模型分析金融机构发展规模和效率对城乡收入差距的影响,发现在短期内,金融机构发展规模和效率的增长会引起城乡居民收入差距的扩大,而城乡居民收入差距扩大又会导致金融机构发展效率的提升;长期来看,金融机构发展规模和效率对城乡收入差距不构成显著影响,城乡收入差距主要受自身因素的影响。     

数字普惠金融是否缩小了城乡居民收入差距 ——基于中国省际数据的面板门槛分析

本文选用2011-2018年省级面板数据为研究样本,构建线性面板模型及面板门槛模型,验证数字普惠金融的发展对城乡收入差距的影响及其门槛效应,并进一步进行中介效应检验。研究结果显示,数字普惠金融的发展能有效缩小城乡居民收入差距,且具有门槛效应,在经济发展初期,这一收敛作用更为明显。数字普惠金融能缩小城乡居民收入差距并且促进经济发展,而经济发展水平的提升却能小幅度地扩大城乡居民收入差距,但总体来说,仍以数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入差距的收敛作用为主导效应。     

数字金融、收入差距与居民消费 ——基于中国280个地级市的实证研究

基于凯恩斯绝对收入假说,本文采用2011—2018年280个地级市面板数据,实证研究了数字金融、收入差距对居民消费的影响,并引入中介效应模型检验了数字金融影响居民消费的作用机制.结果表明:数字金融的发展显著促进了居民消费,且在城镇地区更为明显;收入差距的扩大显著抑制了居民消费,且在农村地区更为明显;进一步分析发现,收入差距在数字金融影响居民消费过程中起到部分中介作用,且在中部地区更为显著.     

基层工会经费预决算编制、执行中存在的问题及对策

近几年,由于工作关系,通过对基层工会经费收支预决算的审批和检查,发现部分基层工会的预决算编制和执行工作中存在一些问题。一、预决算编制中存在的问题1.预算编制缺乏科学性。在编制收入预算前,各单位应积极与单位劳资、财会及行政负责人沟通,了解本单位职工人数,会员人数,工资总额,经营状况等,在此基础上确定工会经费的预算收入。在编制支出预算前,应结合年度工作计划,保证工会重点工作的需要,把重点放在开展职工技能培训、文化教育活动、维护职工权益、为职工办实事、送温暖、慰问特困职工等方面。而部分基层工会忽视预算编制前期的准备…     

数字鸿沟对省际城乡收入差距的影响研究

在数字经济高速发展的背景下,由数字鸿沟带来的收入差距问题日益突显。本文利用2013—2021年省级面板数据,构建数字鸿沟指数,以泰尔指数衡量中国省际城乡收入差距,探讨由接入沟、使用沟和获益沟构成的数字鸿沟对中国区域城乡居民收入差距的影响。研究发现,数字经济的发展在居民收入增加的同时扩大了城乡收入差距;数字鸿沟对收入差距的作用在区域和省际层面具有异质性。接入沟是影响收入差距的基础性变量,地区经济结构、数字经济发展水平等因素均会对数字鸿沟产生影响。在机制检验中发现,缩小接入沟可以有效缓解数字鸿沟的负面作用,加强数字普惠金融建设可以显著改善由数字鸿沟带来的收入差距。研究结果表明,在数字经济时代,需要通过进一步便利网络接入、加快发展高质量、提高数字普惠金融服务水平等方式,以有效消除数字鸿沟、缩小城乡收入差距。     

数字普惠金融如何影响城乡收入差距——基于空间溢出效应实证研究

文章以2012—2021年中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的面板数据为研究样本,构建实证模型,就数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距的影响、空间效应以及区域异质性展开研究。结果显示：数字普惠金融能在全国层面缩小城乡收入差距,且具有明显的区域和维度差异,对中部地区的影响最大,西部地区次之,东部地区最小;覆盖广度和数字化程度对城乡收入差距的影响显著,使用深度影响不显著。数字普惠金融和城乡收入差距均具有显著的空间聚集特征,呈现“低—低”“高—高”集聚特征,数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距存在显著的空间溢出效应。相关部门在推进数字普惠金融发展的过程中,应该因地制宜,实施符合本地区发展特点的数字普惠金融战略,以期实现区域协调发展,进一步缩小城乡收入差距。     

基层工会财务管理问题及对策

工会财务工作是基层工会工作的基础,工会经费是否独立管理,收入是否到位,使用是否合理,管理是否民主,关系到工会经费效能的发挥,关系到工会作用的发挥。近年来在深入基层开展对《加强基层组织建设三年计划》执行情况的调研中,发现机关事业单位和以国有制为主体的基层_丁会财务管理相对良好,经费使用能够突出重点,把有限的资金用在了维护职工的合法权益、开展职工服务和工会活动上,加大了维护职工权益、提高职工技能、开展职业培训、举办群众活动等方面的投入,工会经费使用结构日益合理,     

工会的“收入溢价”效应研究——基于中国流动人口动态监测数据的分析

基于中国流动人口动态监测数据（2014）,实证分析流动人口工会的“收入溢价”效应。研究发现：工会能显著提升流动人口的收入,但工会的“收入溢价”效应具有异质性,城城流动人口高于乡城流动人口、签订合同者高于未签订合同者,个体私营企业的表现要优于国有集体企业和外资企业;分位数回归结果显示,随着分位数水平的上升,流动人口工会的收入效应呈倒“U”型,对中等收入者的作用最大,其次是低收入者,对高收入者的作用最小;采用倾向得分匹配法解决自选择问题,发现我国流动人口仍存在明显的工会“收入溢价”效应。     

Asymmetric Labor Market Institutions in the EMU and the Volatility of Inflation and Unemployment Differentials

How does the asymmetry of labor market institutions affect the adjustment of a currency union to shocks? To answer this question, this paper sets up a dynamic currency union model with monopolistic competition and sticky prices, hiring frictions, and real wage rigidities. In our analysis, we focus on the differentials in inflation and unemployment between countries, as they directly reflect how the currency union responds to shocks. We highlight the following three results. First, we show that it is important to distinguish between different labor market rigidities as they have opposite effects on inflation and unemployment differentials. Second, we find that asymmetries in labor market structures tend to increase the volatility of both inflation and unemployment differentials. Finally, we show that it is important to take into account the interaction between different types of labor market rigidities. Overall, our results suggest that asymmetries in labor market structures worsen the adjustment of a currency union to shocks.     

Corporate Reorganizations: Changes in the Intensity of Labor and Capital Expenditures

Using a new measure that indirectly captures a firm's restructuring efforts on the basis of changes in its labor and capital expenditure patterns, this study examines the link between restructuring and financial performance for an international sample of firms during the years 1989–1997. Results show that firms that curbed the growth in labor expense intensity (labor expense relative to sales), regardless of the accompanying changes in sales or in capital expenditure intensity, had significantly higher annual returns (despite having lower profitability) than firms that expanded their labor intensity. Financial market's response to a reduction in labor expense intensity appears to be more favorable if this reduction is accompanied by a reduction in capital expenditure growth when firms face declining sales, and an increase in capital expenditure growth when firm sales are growing.     

Labor Unions as Shareholder Activists: Champions or Detractors?

We examine the impact of labor union shareholder activism through the submission of shareholder proposals during the period 1988–2002. We examine the effect of labor union‐sponsored shareholder proposals on announcement period returns; on the corporate governance environment of the firm including shareholder rights, board composition, and CEO compensation; on changes in unionization rates and labor expense; and on long‐run shareholder wealth. We do not find any observable patterns for the overall sample of proposals. However, subsets of proposals associated with union presence at the target firm and shareholder voting support for the proposal are associated with significant effects surrounding and subsequent to targeting.     

The impact of labor unions on investment-cash flow sensitivity

This paper empirically examines how labor unions affect investment-cash flow sensitivity using samples from the US covering the period of 1984–2009. We find a significant positive union effect using a q model of investment. The capital expenditures of firms are 1.71 times more sensitive to internal cash flows when unionization rates increase one standard deviation from the mean. This effect holds when we control for other proxies of financial constraints. In addition, unionized firms are associated with lower cash–cash flow sensitivity, which suggests that the higher investment-cash flow sensitivity in unionized firms is primarily driven by the incentive of these firms to reduce liquidity and enhance bargaining power against the union. We also show that the above union effects become more pronounced during labor contract negotiation years.     

Accounting for employee flows

This paper examines employee flows and the association with firm earnings and interest rates. We use administrative employer–employee matched panel data from Denmark spanning 17 years and hence exploit actual data on employee arrivals (labor inflows) and departures (labor outflows). Three main findings emerge. First, we condition by firms’ economic conditions. Departures predict earnings increases for prior-year loss firms, while they predict earnings decreases for prior-year profit firms, suggesting that this conditioning can help explain the mixed results in the literature. Arrivals predict earnings increases, though only for prior-year profit firms. These effects are stronger for high-paid employees than for low-paid ones. Second, the effects of departures are generally larger than the effects of arrivals, consistent with departures disrupting operations. Third, we find that lenders price employee flow information but only for departures of high-paid employees, despite the predictive ability of the flow of other employees for future earnings. Overall our results suggest that employee flows predict firm financial performance but are only partially priced by lenders.     

LABOR LAWS AND CORPORATE INVESTMENT

In the United States, the costs of unionized labor are higher in states without right‐to‐work (RTW) laws. I show that unionized firms located in these states invest less. These firms have about 4 percentage point lower capital expenditures (normalized by net property, plant, and equipment) than other firms. I confirm these findings by examining a natural experiment created by the adoption of RTW laws in Oklahoma and examining union certification elections using regression discontinuity design.     

Pandemics and cash

We investigate the relationship between firms’ cash holdings and pandemics. Our results show that compared to tele-workable firms, whose employees can work remotely, non-tele-workable firms with more on-site employees increase cash during pandemics. This increase in cash comes from short-debt, preferred stocks, reduction in capital expenditures, discontinuation of some operations and lower tax payments. Firms hold more cash as a reaction to higher default risk. For non-tele-workable firms, there is a positive relationship between abnormal stock returns and cash, suggesting that this increase in cash during pandemics is not driven by behavioral reasons but by increases in uncertainty in labor productivity.     

上市企业员工满意度与创新——来自“中国年度最佳雇主100强”的经验证据

本文以2011－2017年沪深两市的A股上市企业为研究对象,以是否入选“中国年度最佳雇主100强”榜单衡量上市企业的员工满意度,考察员工满意度对企业创新的影响。研究表明,入选榜单的企业平均而言比其它主要特征相似的匹配企业的专利申请总数高约47%。这一效应主要体现在发明专利和实用新型专利上,而在外观设计专利上不显著。进一步地,员工满意度可以通过提高失败容忍度来提升企业创新。最后,经济后果检验表明,员工满意度的提高可以显著提升员工的创新效率和企业全要素生产率,说明较高的员工满意度有助于企业效率和长期价值的提升。     

Do employee-friendly firms invest more efficiently? Evidence from labor investment efficiency

We investigate the impact of employee treatment on labor investment efficiency. We provide evidence that employee-friendly treatment is significantly associated with lower deviations of labor investment from the level justified by economic fundamentals, i.e., higher labor investment efficiency. The effect of employee treatment on labor investment efficiency is stronger for firms that are human-capital-intensive, with more skilled labor and knowledge capital, and those that face higher product market competition. Using the 2008–2009 financial crisis as an external shock and applying the difference-in-difference method, we also show that employee-friendly firms have higher labor investment efficiency in the post-financial crisis period, but experience more inefficient labor investments during the crisis. Our results are robust to placebo tests, selection bias, propensity score matching, alternative explanations, alternative proxies for both employee treatment and labor investment efficiency as well as the adjustment for using residuals as dependent variables, additional control variables, and various approaches in addressing endogeneity issues.