我国个人所得税“费用扣除标准”分析

个人所得税是迄今为止世界范围内征收最广泛的一种税。近几年,我国个人个人所得税取得了飞速的发展,2011年新个税的出台表明了我国个人所得税制正在与时俱进。科学合理的费用扣除标准能够推动国家的经济发展,并且能够有效的调节人民的平均生活水平,缩小贫富差距。费用扣除标准应当兼顾效率与公平,我国现行的扣除标准存在诸多问题,本文通过分析现行个人所得税"费用扣除额"的局限性,提出了相应的完善措施。     

个人所得税费用扣除的国际比较

个人所得税的主要功能除了增加财政收入外还有就是调节收入分配不均。个人所得税的费用扣除是实现公平纳税的一个重要方面,费用扣除的确定关系着纳税人实际承担税负的高低,因此个人所得税费用扣除标准问题也受到了普遍的关注。但是我国在个人所得税费用扣除的制度上还存在很多不足,因此应借鉴其他国家的成功经验完善我国的费用扣除制度。     

国家税务总局关于企业年金个人所得税有关问题补充规定的公告

一、关于企业为月工资收入低于费用扣除标准的职工缴存企业年金的征税问题(一)企业年金的企业缴费部分计入职工个人账户时,当月个人工资薪金所得与计入个人年金账户的企业缴费之和未超过个人所得税费用扣除标准的,不征收个人所得税。(二)个人当月工资薪金所得低于个人所得税费用扣除标准,但加上计入个人年金账户的企业缴费后超过个人所得税费用扣     

我国个人所得税费用扣除标准设计比较分析

近年来,关于个人所得税费用扣除标准的改革越来越受到人们的关注,本文从我国个人所得税扣除标准的改革历程和现状出发,从多个方面探讨了我国现行扣除制度中存在的问题,并在充分对比世界主要国家的个人所税费用扣除标准的基础上,依据改革的原则从扣除制度、项目等方面提出改革我国个人所税费用扣除标准的相关政策建议。     

我国个人所得税费用扣除标准设计比较分析

近年来,关于个人所得税费用扣除标准的改革越来越受到人们的关注,本文从我国个人所得税扣除标准的改革历程和现状出发,从多个方面探讨了我国现行扣除制度中存在的问题,并在充分对比世界主要国家的个人所税费用扣除标准的基础上,依据改革的原则从扣除制度、项目等方面提出改革我国个人所税费用扣除标准的相关政策建议。     

关于个人所得税改革中费用扣除问题分析

为促进个人所得税改革进展,本文对关于个人所得税改革中费用扣除的问题进行了分析。文章首先分析了费用扣除的原因与表现,其次,对费用扣除存在的问题进行了列举。最后,文章重点从费用扣除标准、费用扣除权力、扣除执行力度三方面出发,针对不同问题,给出了不同的解决建议。     

浅议个人所得税费用扣除项目与标准

个人所得税是对纯收入征税,因此,个人所得税应对个人必要费用扣除后的余额征税。这一扣除应包括两大部分,一是个人所得税纳税人本人的各项生活必要费用及劳动成本费用的扣除;二是个人所得税纳税     

日本个人所得税费用扣除标准之简介

个人所得税税制模式与个人所得费用扣除标准的设计是互动的，配套的，又同时受该国征管水平与纳税意识、税收环境等的制约。日本个人所得税法规定了个人所得税的综合课税原则，但实际操作中仍有一些项目保留分离课税的方式。鉴于此，日本个人所得税费用扣除标准由三部分组成：其一为分类课税所得中必要费用的扣除；其二为综合课税所得合计额的扣除；其三为综合课税所得税额的扣除。     

我国个人所得税存在问题及改革设想初探

我国现行个人所得税制存在的征管制度不健全、个人所得税没有充分考虑家庭因素,应加以改革:包括健全费用扣除方法、对中等收入阶层适当减税以及加大对高收入者的税收监管力度等措施,使个人所得税真正做到"劫富济贫",缩小收入差距。     

完善我国个人所得税费用扣除制度的探讨

个人所得税作为与人们的切身利益联系最紧密的一个税种,它不仅可以增加政府财政收入,更具有调节收入公平分配的重要功能.而费用扣除标准是个人所得税的重要组成部分,对应纳税额的计算有着直接的影响,本文简要介绍了我国个人所得税现行的各项费用扣除规定,在此基础上,分析了目前个税费用扣除制度中存在的一些问题,并提出了改进和完善的相关政策建议     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

Cost accounting standard and cost accounting systems in Japan. Lessons from the past - recovering lost traditions

This paper aims to show two things. The first is how Japanese culture has contributed to the development of Japanese cost accounting history. The second is to reveal the research possibilities of cost accounting history. This paper also reviews the salient features of several important examples of these aspects of cost accounting practice in Japan. It therefore explores, through some practical illustrations, how and why Japanese cost accounting differs from that found in the West.     

Shared Standard Setting in the Public Interest:A Strong Model

正The last two decades have been a definitive era in the evolution of the accountancy profession.In the wake of major corporate scandals at the turn of the century,an international public debate arose on the need for more effective and well-considered regulation;this debate then reignited during the global financial and sovereign debt crises.     

HOW TO PUT TOGETHER A COMPLETE PACKAGE

正Many Institute members know they cannot rely purely on technical knowledge and business acumen to remain competitive.As soft skills are increasingly important,Jemelyn Yadao finds out how CPAs can maintain     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

【正】The China Journal of Accounting Research‘‘CJAR’’(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditin...     

Bayesian Risk Management for Equity-Linked Insurance

This paper describes how to apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to a regime switching model of the stock price process to generate a sample from the joint posterior distribution of the parameters of the model. The MCMC output can be used to generate a sample from the predictive distribution of losses from equity linked contracts, assuming first an actuarial approach to risk management and secondly a financial economics approach. The predictive distribution is used to show the effect of parameter uncertainty on risk management calculations. We also explore model uncertainty by assuming a GARCH model in place of the regime switching model. The results indicate that the financial economics approach to risk management is substantially more robust to parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty than the actuarial approach.     

The historical significance of the revaluation of fixed assets in Japan's state-owned railway system, 1955-6

The Government Railways of Japan (GRJ) established a fixed assets accounting system on the accruals basis after the Second World War. The revaluation of tangible fixed assets was indispensable for GRJ's introduction of depreciation in 1948. GRJ scheduled the revaluation to secure a reasonable depreciation expense, because the company had applied the replacement method to all tangible fixed assets since its foundation in 1869. At the same time, GRJ assumed the balance of the revaluation reserve account to be a means of dealing with possible future accumulated losses.     

Effects of speculation and interest rates in a “carry trade” model of commodity prices

The paper presents and estimates a model of the prices of oil and other storable commodities, a model that can be characterized as reflecting the carry trade. It focuses on speculative factors, here defined as the trade-off between interest rates on the one hand and market participants' expectations of future price changes on the other hand. It goes beyond past research by bringing to bear new data sources: survey data to measure expectations of future changes in commodity prices and options data to measure perceptions of risk. Some evidence is found of a negative effect of interest rates on the demand for inventories and thereby on commodity prices and positive effects of expected future price gains on inventory demand and thereby on today's commodity prices.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Religion and stock price crash risk:Evidence from China

This paper investigates whether religious traditions influence firm-specific crash risk in China.Using a sample of A-share listed firms from 2003 to 2013,we pro...