治理公路货运车辆超限超载运输的措施

本文通过对公路货运车辆超限超载运输的治理,指出货运车辆超限超载运输的危害,提出治理超限超载运输的主要措施,维护运输市场秩序,保障运输经济的良性发展。     

多方共赢的成功实践——成品油税费改革三周年综述

2012年1月1日,我国成品油税费改革迎来平稳顺利实施三周年。在党中央、国务院的正确领导下,这项关乎国计民生的改革,三年来取得了"多方共赢"的效果,实现了改革的多重政策目标:规范政府收费行为,公平税费负担;建立税收调节能源消费的新机制,有力地促进节能减排;建立以税收筹集公路发展资金的长效机制,更好地支持交通事业发展。     

科学决策 规范管理 稳步推进成品油价格与税费改革——郭秀堂副厅长带队深入基层调研

针对成品油价格与税费改革相关工作，郭秀堂副厅长带队于3月4-6日，深入到张家口等市走访调研，调查了解了交通财政财务管理现状．及燃油税改革过程中存在的问题及其网难，共同探讨建立交通财政财务管理新体制，一般公路筹措建设资金的办法，确立了“以成品油价格与税费改革为契机，创新公路建设投融资体制，建立符合公共财政要求的交通系统财政财务管理体系”工作思路。     

我国矿产资源税费制度进一步改革的方向

我国矿产资源税费制度调整和完善应统筹兼顾,其具体方向就是:规范矿业权市场,明晰产权,实现矿产资源有偿开采,减少政府特许经营形成的垄断,并实现矿业权的顺利流转,再加上以计征方式转变为载体、以提高税负为核心的资源税改革以及以石油特别收益金分享特殊行业超额利润,以矿山生态环境恢复治理保证金制度等实现矿产资源开发生态补偿机制,理顺资源价格与各种矿产资源税费之间的关系,逐渐完善"价、税、费"协调互动的资源利益调节体系。     

有关公路超限超载现象的成因、危害及对策研究

近几年来,伴随着国民经济的不断进步与发展,我国公路建设同样取得了重大的进展。但是,公路建设尽管取得了重大的进展,很多影响公路运营的因素仍然存在,最为典型的便是公路超限超载问题。公路超限超载问题早已经成为影响我国公路使用以及运营的重要因素。新时期新背景下,加强对于公路超限超载现象成因、危害及对策的研究有着重要的现实意义。本文旨在研究公路超限超载现象,针对出现的问题提出相应的解决策略,为我国在公路超限超载现象治理方面的进一步开展提供可行性思路。     

成品油税费改革对银行公路行业贷款影响的分析及处置建议

2008年12月18日，国务院印发《关于实施成品油价格和税费改革的通知》，正式开启了成品油价格和税费改革，将逐步有序取消政府还贷二级公路的收费。截至2009年4月末，全国已经有12个省份陆续取消了收费。此项政策将对目前全国约3000多亿元二级收费公路银行贷款产生重大影响。     

公用事业企业财政监督体系的构想

一、公用事业企业存在的问题(一)价格形成机制扭曲我国公用事业一般由国家垄断经营,其价格由政府直接制定或批准。政府在制定公用事业价格时,既要考虑其成本的变动,保证生产企业能够获得一定的利润,以保证公用事业的供给;又要考虑价格变动对其他部门、行业及居民生活的影响,致使价格的调整不能及时反     

公路施工企业施工预算成本控制分析

公路施工建设对国家社会经济的发展做出了重要的贡献。公路施工建设提高了公共交通的便捷度,显著提升了货运速度,推动了物流运输行业的发展。为了充分提升施工项目的成本管理,公路施工单位必须全面管控施工项目的预算成本。     

从资源税费的功能定位看资源税的改革方向

本文通过对资源税费的地租理论和外部性分析得出资源税费的应有功能:资源开采者对国家资源所有权的补偿;对级差地租的经济补偿;对造成的环境破坏和对后代的资源掠夺进行的补偿。通过对资源税的功能定位分析我国现在的资源税改革,认为应扩大资源税的征收范围,建立生态补偿机制,促进新能源的开发,并且开征环保税等从资源的开采到利用保护资源、保护环境。     

平稳实施 成效显著——成品油税费改革一周年座谈会综述

2008年12月18日，国务院印发了《关于实施成品油价格和税费改革的通知》，决定自2009年1月1日起实施成品油税费改革，同时决定完善成品油价格形成机制，理顺成品油价格。这意味着从1994年动议开征燃油税以来，酝酿十多年的改革终于“破冰”。2009年1月1日，见才政部、国家税务总局等有关部门在提高成品油消费税税率的同时，取消公路养路费等六项收费，逐步有序取消政府还贷二级公路收费并根据国际市场原油价格变化情况，确定成品油价格。     

基于灰色关联视角的物流业与制造业联动发展研究——以长三角为例

运用灰色关联理论,基于长三角地区2004~2013年制造业和物流业的数据,分别测算了整体制造业以及要素禀赋差异下的制造业与物流业关联度,得出以下结论：(1)制造业发展规模是物流业发展的胁迫因素,居民购买力水平、电信化以及信息化程度是制造业发展限制因素。(2)物流业固定资产投资是劳动密集型行业的重要影响因素,物流业从业人员是资本密集型行业的关键影响因素,公路货物周转量是技术密集型产业的制约因素。(3)不同交通运输方式的货运量与制造业规模关联度普遍较大,但货物周转量与多种制造业因素关联度大。     

How changes in market conditions affect screening activity,credit risk,and the lending behaviour of banks

The global financial crisis dramatically transformed the market conditions in the banking industry. We construct a theoretical model of spatial competition that considers the differential information between lenders and loan applicants to explore how changes in the market structure affect the lending behaviour of banks and their incentives to invest in screening and how this, in turn, affects the level of credit risk in the economy. Our findings reveal that enhanced competition reduces lending cost thus encouraging the entry of new customers in credit markets. Also, that the transportation cost that loan applicants are required to pay to reach the bank of their interest shrinks with respect to the degree of competition. We further lend support to the view that stiffer competition has an increasing impact on the level of credit risk. Notably, we find that competition strengthens the incentives of banks to engage in screening activity and that screening serves as a protection mechanism that can provide banks with a shield against bad loans. Overall, when market conditions are substantially distorted, this has a dilutive impact on the incentives mechanism of banks to screen their applicants. We provide empirical evidence which is consistent with the conceptual underpinnings of our theoretical model and the obtained findings.     

Market risk model selection and medium-term risk with limited data: Application to ocean tanker freight markets

The estimation of medium-term market risk dictated by limited data availability, is a challenging issue of concern amongst academics and practitioners. This paper addresses the issue by exploiting the concepts of volatility and quantile scaling in order to determine the best method for extrapolating medium-term risk forecasts from high frequency data. Additionally, market risk model selection is investigated for a new dataset on ocean tanker freight rates, which refer to the income of the capital good — tanker vessels. Certain idiosyncrasies inherent in the very competitive shipping freight rate markets, such as excessive volatility, cyclicality of returns and the medium-term investment horizons – found in few other markets – make these issues challenging. Findings indicate that medium-term risk exposures can be estimated accurately by using an empirical scaling law which outperforms the conventional scaling laws of the square and tail index root of time. Regarding the market risk model selection for short-term investment horizons, findings contradict most studies on conventional financial assets: interestingly, freight rate market risk quantification favors simpler specifications, such as the GARCH and the historical simulation models.     

海运风险管理创新：运费衍生品发展的启示

运费衍生品是航运业规避海运风险管理的工具，而我国企业对此极少了解和极少参与。2004年以来的运费价格巨大波动带动了衍生品市场的快速发展，市场参与者构成的变化，交易所间争夺产品开发，这些发展志势应引起各方关注。回顾运费衍生产品和市场的发展，总结成败得失，对我国航运业风险管理和金融衍生产品的创新都有着非常重要的启示作用。     

Endogenous pricing to market and financing costs

This paper explains why relative PPP should hold more tightly in emerging markets, and why pricing to market would be observed more frequently in the OECD countries. It studies the endogenous determination of pricing to market, in a real option model with time-dependent transportation costs, where the future terms of trade are random. Allowing time-dependent transportation costs adds a dimension of investment to the pre-buying of imports, implying that financial considerations determine the frequency of pricing to market, and the deviations from relative PPP. If the expected discounted cost of last minute delivery is higher than pre-buying, one exercises the option of spot market imports if the realized terms of trade are favorable enough. Pricing to market is observed in countries characterized by low terms of trade volatility and low financing costs. In these circumstances, imports are pre-bought, and the spot market for imports is inactive. In countries where the financing costs and the terms of trade volatility are high, few imports are pre-bought, the price of imports is determined by the realized real exchange rate, and a version of relative PPP holds. With an intermediate level of terms of trade volatility and of financing costs, a mixed regime is observed. If the realized real exchange rate is weak, pricing to market would prevail, increasing consumers’ welfare by shielding them from the adverse purchasing power consequences of weak terms of trade. If the realized real exchange rate is favorable enough, more imports are purchased in the spot market, and the relative PPP would hold. Higher financing costs increase the cost of pre-buying imports, reducing thereby the frequency of pricing to market, increasing the expected relative price of imports, reducing the expected deviations from relative PPP, and reducing welfare.     

高铁时空压缩效应与公司权益资本成本——来自A股上市公司的经验证据

以往文献大多集中于交通基础设施对一国或地区宏观经济的影响,而较少关注其对资本市场的作用。本文基于信息不对称视角,考察了高铁开通改变地理距离的时空约束后如何影响公司权益资本成本。以2007—2018年A股上市公司为样本,本文研究发现,上市公司所在地开通高铁后,由于内外信息不对称程度的降低,公司权益资本成本显著下降。该现象受到一系列公司特征的影响,与多数投资者聚集地距离越远、业务复杂度越高的公司,权益资本成本受高铁开通影响而下降得更明显。进一步的研究表明,高铁开通后公司股票流动性的提升及信息披露质量的提高是影响权益资本成本的重要路径。     

关于政府会计监管的再思考

政府会计监管产生的主要动因在于市场失灵,但与此对应的则是政府失灵,后者导致了监管成本膨胀以及对市场竞争条件的破坏。由此引发了对政府会计监管的再度思考———怎样使政府会计监管更加富于效率和效果?本文认为,转变监管理念,实现行政处罚让位于法律约束是根本途径;而法律约束发挥作用的基础则在于信誉机制,不仅包括管理层和独立审计信誉机制,也包括政府会计监管本身的信誉。     

我国B股价值回归趋势研究

一个有效率的制度结构能够提供降低变易费用的特定机制。然而现实的种种迹象表明，B股市场并没有提供一个有效率的降低交易费用的机制，其实际运行的高风险压由此衍生的资产价值长期低估就是这方面较好的明证。本文针对目前B股市场的发展定位提出了以制度创新和配合资本市场的渐进开放为核心的B股市场发展选择。     

The Unbiasedness Hypothesis in the Freight Forward Market: Evidence from Cointegration Tests

The current paper investigates the unbiasedness hypothesis of Forward Freight Agreement (FFA) prices in the freight over-the-counter (OTC) forward market trades. Cointegration techniques are employed to examine the hypothesis. The results indicate that: FFA prices one and two months before maturity are unbiased predictors of the realised spot freight rates for all investigated shipping routes; three months FFA prices for panamax Pacific routes are unbiased predictors of spot prices, while FFA prices for panamax Atlantic routes are found to be biased predictors of spot prices. This diverse evidence suggests that the validity of the unbiasedness hypothesis depends on the specific characteristics of the market under investigation, the selected trading route and the time to maturity of the contract. JEL classification G13, G14, C32     

Market Transparency and the Accounting Regime

We model the interaction of financial market transparency and different accounting regimes. This paper provides a theoretical rationale for the recently proposed shift in accounting standards from historic cost accounting to marking to market. The paper shows that marking to market can provide investors with an early warning mechanism while historical cost gives management a “veil” under which they can potentially mask a firm's true economic performance. The model provides new explanations for several empirical findings and has some novel implications. We show that greater opacity in financial markets leads to more frequent and more severe crashes in asset prices (under a historic‐cost‐accounting regime). Moreover, our model indicates that historic cost accounting can make the financial market more rather than less volatile, which runs counter to conventional wisdom. The mechanism shown in the model also sheds light on the cause of many financial scandals in recent years.