目的信托研究：理论证成、制度建构与本土方案

我国《信托法》目前仅调整私益信托和公益信托,并未承认目的信托,存在立法漏洞。理论上,目的信托系介于私益信托和公益信托之间的客观存在,契合社会现实需要与信托价值取向,在受益人原则已事实突破的背景下,本着意思自治原则,目的信托应当得到法律承认。制度上,为防止目的信托制度被滥用,应当明确目的信托的适用范围、目的信托监察人和目的信托存续期限这三方面的规范。有鉴于此,应当重述我国《信托法》第2条之“特定目的”,使其射程包括非公益目的;相应地,应当增设“目的信托”一章,从正反两方面界定目的信托的适用范围,置备信托监察人的选任规则、权利和义务等规范,并合理规定目的信托存续的最长期限。     

完善信托法律制度

进行《信托法》立法后评估工作,推动《信托法》司法解释与信托配套制度建设,是我国信托制度发展与完善的基本路径2001年《信托法》的颁布标志着我国信托制度的正式确立,它与《证券投资基金法》一并在法律层面构建了我国信托活动的制度基础。经过近10年的发展,我国商事信托法律制度体系初步建立。但是,信托制度发展过程中存在的问题依然明显。实践中,《信托法》自身存在的理解歧义和立法滞后等问     

信托活动中的主要法律问题与对策

《中华人民共和国信托法》(简称《信托法》)的颁布与实施 ,是中国财产管理制度的创新 ,对中国信托业和资产管理市场的规范与发展具有重要的现实意义。虽然《信托法》使中国的信托实践有了基本的法律基础 ,但完备的信托法律环境还有待进一步建立和完善。一、信托财产所有权转移问题　　国际通行的信托制度是建立在信托财产所有权转移基础上的 ,并由此形成信托最根本的法律原则———“信托财产的所有权与利益相分离”原则 ,即 :信托财产的所有权要转移到受托人名下 ,但信托利益要由受益人而非受托人享有。《信托法》第 2条规定 :“本法所称信…     

我国家族信托对信托法的挑战及其解决探析

2001年《信托法》颁布实施后,我国信托行业得以进一步蓬勃发展。至2013年,为进一步满足信托行业发展的需要以及对其行为进行规范,我国已经初步形成了"一法三规"的信托法律制度体系。家族信托作为民事信托的一种新兴事物,给《信托法》带来了挑战。《信托法》难以对家族信托进行更为有效的引导和规制,操作性较弱。本文主要分析当前家族信托给《信托法》带来的挑战,并据此提出修改意见。     

信托受益人撤销权刍议

在信托法中,受益人可对受托人违反信托本旨处分信托财产的行为行使撤销权。它作为受益人最终的救济手段在信托法的适用中具有重要意义。本文试从信托受益人撤销权的概念与性质出发,结合我国《信托法》的相关规定,对信托受益人撤销权的行使与其法律效果进行一定的阐述和探讨。     

离岸信托的避税研究

一、离岸信托发展的现状中国企业与个人在避税地的安排主要是建立离岸公司,通过离岸公司进行避税或上市、投资操作。而对于在国外已被广泛使用的离岸信托,却很少被了解和使用。这一来是因为信托在我国还是一个比较新的概念。我国《信托法》在2001年10月才正式颁布使用。二来由于我国的法律制度是根据大陆法系建立的,大陆法系的基础是一物一权制,对需要承认双重所有权的信托在法律界定上存在一定的困难。而且信托灵活多变的应用方式,也是大陆法系下依靠条文法进行断案所不能适应的。正因为这些原因,虽然我国设立了信托法,但在信托发展、应用…     

开曼信托法律制度研究

凭借发达的立法和司法制度,兼具灵活性与保密性的开曼信托法律制度越来越受到人们青睐.开曼的信托立法主要包括《信托法》、《反欺诈法》、《永续法》以及《涉外信托法》等,受托人制度是开曼信托法的核心.开曼信托当事人主要包括委托人、受托人、受益人和信托保护人,信托类型主要包括酌情信托、固定收益信托、慈善信托、特别信托和豁免信托等.开曼信托法律制度灵活,可实现多种信托目的,包括遗产、个人、金融、税务或者其他商业目的.     

我国信托登记制度的完善

在我国信托法中规定,对于应当登记的财产设立信托时,信托登记时,信托才设立.显然,在我国信托登记采用的是登记生效主义.然而,信托登记生效主义在未来并不利于信托交易的效率,信托登记对抗主义同样能够引导信托交易当事人进行信托登记,从而保证信托交易的安全.因此,信托登记生效主义应当适时予以修改.同时,应当在全国范围内设立统一的信托登记机构,保证信托登记能够有效率的开展.     

离岸信托的避税研究

一、离岸信托发展的现状 中国企业与个人在避税地的安排主要是建立离岸公司,通过离岸公司进行避税或上市、投资操作.而对于在国外已被广泛使用的离岸信托,却很少被了解和使用.这一来是因为信托在我国还是一个比较新的概念.我国《信托法》在2001年10月才正式颁布使用.二来由于我国的法律制度是根据大陆法系建立的,大陆法系的基础是一物一权制,对需要承认双重所有权的信托在法律界定上存在一定的困难.而且信托灵活多变的应用方式,也是大陆法系下依靠条文法进行断案所不能适应的.正因为这些原因,虽然我国设立了信托法,但在信托发展、应用过程中出现了大量问题,使很多人对信托本身产生了一些误解.     

我国银行信托收据有关法律问题探讨

进口押汇已经是我国商业银行的一项重要业务，在该项业务的开展中信托收据是一基本的法律文件。在我国出台《信托法》之前，银行已有大量的信托收据实践，但是因信托收所发生的纠纷，银行在诉讼中往往很难得到法院支持信托收据项下的权益。在这些纠纷中，信托收据，质押担保、保证等的有效成立及相互关系也经常成为争议的问题，即使在《信托法》生效后银行仍将面临这些问题的困扰。本文对信托收据、信托让与担保和动产设备信托进行了细致的比较，并通过具体案例，说明信托收据与质押、保证之间的关系，以提示实际工作者对有关风险予以充分重视并积极加以防范。     

西湖区政府型信托

2009年11月,西子湖畔,三潭印月集合信托债启动发行,融资规模达到1.44亿元,—为了帮助中小企业融资,这已是杭州市西湖区政府债权型引导基金的第二期。此外,西湖区还实践了中小企业引导基金、政府股权型引导     

Resource Accounting and NHS Trusts

The introduction of capital charges into the National Health Service (NHS) was part of the movement to reflect the use of resources to deliver public sector services rather than simply report cash flows. At the time of its introduction, it was justified with reference to what was deemed to be private sector 'good practice'. This article discusses the underlying principles, examines the practical implications of this dogma and seeks to separate the rhetoric from reality.     

The Performance of UK International Unit Trusts

We evaluate the performance of UK unit trusts with international equity objectives between January 1985 and December 2000 relative to domestic benchmark strategies. We use performance measures based on Jensen (1968) , Ferson and Schadt (1996) , and the Chen and Knez (1996) law of one price (LOP). We find more favourable trust performance using the Jensen and Ferson and Schadt measures relative to the LOP measure. There is evidence of inferior performance by some international trusts using the unconditional LOP measure. The charges and investment sector of the trust also has an impact on the performance of the trusts using the LOP measure.     

Excess Volatility and UK Investment Trusts

Abstract:   The issue of whether or not asset prices are more volatile than the underlying fundamentals is an empirical question with implications for market efficiency. Recent research suggests that the volatility of closed end fund returns in the USA is significantly higher than the returns on assets held by the funds. This has been attributed to noise trading as closed‐end fund shares are predominantly held by individual investors. This study demonstrates that UK investment trust returns exhibit similar excess volatility in spite of the prevalence of institutional investors. However, big investment trusts in terms of market capitalisation show greater excess volatility than small trusts. Although most of the excess volatility appears to be idiosyncratic, investor sentiment index is the most important variable associated with residual returns.     

土地信托的法律依据与实践探索

土地信托流转是土地流转中的一项制度创新,是深化农村土地经营机制的必然需求,也是促进土地使用权规范有序流转的必由之路。随着农村土地确权制度的完善,土地信托制的有效推行对新型城镇化的发展将会产生深远影响。     

Annual Reporting Mechanisms of National Health Service Trusts

This article investigates the role of the annual report and the annual general meeting (AGM) in the context of NHS trusts. The authors report the results of a questionnaire survey of every NHS trust in the UK. Significant variation in the approach taken within a common framework of accountability was found. In general, there seems to be little public demand for trusts' annual reports and attendance at their AGMs was low. The research indicates possibilities of extending annual reporting in the public sector beyond the annual report and AGM and discloses innovative ways that trusts have attempted to overcome the limited interest of stakeholders produced by the traditional reporting mechanisms.     

External Audit Fee Levels in NHS Trusts

This article discusses the external auditing regime of NHS trusts and analyses the fees charged by their auditors. It adapts approaches developed in the private sector to investigate audit fees paid by NHS trusts and finds that, while similar factors are associated with the audit fees of trusts, there is no evidence of a 'Big 6' premium and trust audit fees are significantly lower than those of similar private sector organizations. Explanations for this are sought in the different natures of public and private sector audits, which indicate that differences in fees might be anticipated in the public sector, especially with the presence of a quasi-regulator in the form of the Audit Commission.     

从苹果社区信托看中国房地产信托的发展

苹果社区信托产品的面世一方面说明房地产融资并非只有银行贷款一条出路,另一方面说明了基于实体经济的金融创新具有广阔的市场前景。     

Canadian Business Trusts: A New Organizational Structure

The focus of this paper is a subset of income trusts called business trusts, a Canadian financial innovation that has experienced remarkable success in the Canadian market, but not in the U.S. At theendof2005, there were more than 170 business trusts (most of them in Canada, but a handful in the U.S.) with an aggregate market value of over $90 billion. Like income trusts generally, which include REITs and oil & gas trusts, business trusts are designed in large part to avoid taxation at the corporate level by distributing a substantial proportion of a business's operating cash flow. The business trust structure provides investors (called “unit holders”) with what amounts to a combination of subordinated, high‐yield debt and high‐yielding equity. But unlike the subordinated debt in most highly leveraged transactions (HLTs), the “internal” debt in a business trust unit is effectively “stapled” to the equity part of the security. And this kind of “strip financing” (which was a common practice in U.S. LBOs during the‘80s) means that, besides providing stable cash‐generating companies with a tax‐minimizing way of paying out excess cash, the business unit structure also limits the “financial distress costs” associated with HLTs. In the event of financial trouble, the unit holders are likely to be much more cooperative than ordinary subordinated debt holders in restructuring interest payments since the benefits of so doing accrue to the equity portion of their units. The original income trust structure has also been used by a number of U.S.‐based companies that listed their shares on the TSX. But, in the attempt to make the securities suitable for listing on the AM EX, and in response to auditor demands intended to address potential IRS concerns, the instruments were modified in ways that sacrificed one of the important benefits of the original structure. The changes were designed to make the subordinated debt issued as part of a package with equity look more like external, third‐party debt. And in so doing, the low‐cost restructuring feature built into the Canadian version was lost, and the U.S. trusts failed to gain acceptance.