基于BP神经网络的P2P网贷借款人信用风险评估研究

近年来我国P2P网络借贷业务快速发展,然而行业内的信用风险也日益凸显,持续性的平台倒闭以及借款人违约等事件屡见不鲜,因而对网贷信用风险的事前有效评估将直接关乎我国网贷行业的未来可持续发展。本文根据网贷业务特点,筛选出对网贷借款人行为具有影响的特征指标,建立网贷借款人信用风险评估指标体系,构建基于BP神经网络的信用风险评估模型,选取拍拍贷和人人贷的借款人交易数据进行训练仿真。实证结果表明BP神经网络模型能较好拟合网络信用环境下对网贷借款人信用风险的评估,模型具备较高的预测准确率,适用于平台和投资者甄选优质借款人。基于实证分析结果,文章进一步提出了规范网贷平台健康可持续发展的对策建议。     

我国P2P网贷平台竞争力评价研究

基于资源基础论和企业能力理论,结合网贷平台特点,从资源和能力两个维度构建网贷平台竞争力评价体系,同时借鉴柯布道格拉斯生产函数,建立网贷平台竞争力评价模型,运用层次分析法和熵权法对其进行测算,基于2015年30家网贷平台数据进行实证分析,进而揭示当前影响网贷平台核心竞争力的因素。[]P2P     

P2P网贷借款人信用风险模糊综合评价——基于模糊数学理论的视角

依托于互联网金融的P2P网贷是推进金融创新、实现普惠金融的有效途径之一,因其便捷性、低门槛而成为时下最受欢迎的小额融资方式,但其信用风险防控面临着巨大挑战。首先提出了基于五标度法计算指标权重的层次分析法,结合模糊数学的综合评价方法,建立了P2P网贷平台借款人信用风险模糊综合评价模型。然后,依据某P2P平台的交易数据,该模型评价结果的准确性达到了83%,为P2P网贷平台精准定位借款人提供一个有价值的决策支撑参考。     

基于层次分析法的P2P网贷平台综合评估

P2P网贷仍是一个成长中的新兴行业,行业爆炸性增长的背后是风险的不断积累。文章将从多个角度对P2P网贷进行介绍,采取层次分析法,打造具有一级指标和二级指标的综合评价指标体系,对P2P网贷平台的指标数据进行科学的分析评价。最后,对P2P网贷平台的风险防范提出切实可行的建议。     

我国P2P网贷平台信用评级研究

目前,我国P2P网贷行业处于起步阶段,对于平台定量和定性指标的综合评价显得尤为重要.通过采用因子分析法和定性专家打分方法,构建定量指标与定性指标相结合的信用风险评级指标体系,并对我国60家P2P平台进行信用评级.研究表明:构建的P2P网贷平台信用风险评级体系具有一定的科学性与合理性,能够对网贷平台信用风险进行有效评价,可以为投资者提供参考、为监管提供依据.     

基于用户偏好的P2P网贷平台评价模型的建立

近年来,P2P网贷平台跑路事件时有发生,规范管理P2P网贷平台迫在眉睫。建立P2P网贷评价系统,能使P2P网贷平台数据透明化,同时过滤一些不规范平台,保障投资者利益。本文采取层次分析法,文献资料法,实证研究法,比较分析法以及模型建立法,建立了一个评价P2P网贷平台综合性质的模型。希望该模型日后可以推广应用于其他类型互联网金融产品的评价。     

基于BP神经网络的P2P网贷个人信用风险评估

针对我国日益凸显的P2P网络借贷业务的信用风险控制问题,构建一个有效的P2P网贷借款人的信用风险评估模型,以促进我国P2P网贷行业的可持续发展。通过文献资料收集及分析,选取对借款人信用具有影响的指标并量化,建立P2P网贷借款人的信用评估指标体系,构建基于BP神经网络的信用风险评估模型,通过人人贷平台的相关数据进行仿真,验证模型的有效性。仿真结果表明,该模型适用于P2P网贷借款人信用风险评估。     

P2P网贷平台资信因素对正常经营影响的实证分析

自2013年起,P2P网贷平台倒闭趋势日渐显著,并于2015年下半年爆发。资信因素是预测平台未来能否正常经营的重要参考,包含了资金实力、运营水平与债权流动性等方面。本文将正常经营定义为未出现重大经营问题。本文基于中国2193家P2P网贷平台的数据,采用LOGIT模型分析平台资信因素对正常经营的影响,并检验了模型预测能力。研究发现,注册地、所有的交易资金保障方式、用户资金托管制度、短期债权转让期限等因素对平台正常经营有显著影响,而注册资本、注册时间、风险保证金托管制度、长期债券转让期限等因素则没有显著影响。模型对识别问题平台有良好的效果。     

P2P网贷借款人违约行为影响因素的实证研究

准确评估借款人信用风险是提高P2P网贷平台风控能力、降低网贷行业问题平台数量的重要措施。本文基于"人人贷"平台交易数据,综合考察借款人"硬信息"和"软信息"与其违约行为之间的关系。二元Logit回归模型的实证结果表明:在借款人"硬信息"指标中,借款人年龄、借款金额、借款利率、逾期次数对违约行为有显著正向影响,学历、信用等级对违约行为有显著负向影响,而是否拥有房产、是否已购车、工作时间对违约行为没有显著影响;借款人"软信息"指标即描述性文本中的"拼写错误"对违约行为有显著正向影响。研究结果表明借款人"软信息"虽然不可直接证实,但同样具有价值,网贷平台应该多维度地量化借款人的信用评价。     

非整秩次秩和比法在P2P网贷平台风险评级中的应用

近年来,我国P2P网贷平台风险问题频发,不仅使投资人蒙受损失,也不利于整个网贷行业的健康发展。对网贷平台进行风险评级,有利于识别风险平台,为投资人与监管部门提供风险预警信息。本文选取网贷之家的平台数据,基于改进的CRITIC赋权法和非整秩次秩和比法,构建P2P网贷平台风险评级模型,以2019年上半年成交量前30名的平台作为评价对象进行实证分析,得到网贷平台的风险排名与评级结果,并提出降低风险的针对性建议。     

Bankruptcy prediction for Korean firms after the 1997 financial crisis: using a multiple criteria linear programming data mining approach

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the data mining applications, such as classification, which have been used in previous bankruptcy prediction studies and credit rating studies. Our study proposes a multiple criteria linear programming (MCLP) method to predict bankruptcy using Korean bankruptcy data after the 1997 financial crisis. The results, of the MCLP approach in our Korean bankruptcy prediction study, show that our method performs as well as traditional multiple discriminant analysis or logit analysis using only financial data. In addition, our model??s overall prediction accuracy is comparable to those of decision tree or support vector machine approaches. However, our results are not generalizable because our data are from a special situation in Korea.     

An empirical comparison of bankruptcy models

Four types of bankruptcy prediction models based on financial statement ratios, cash flows, stock returns, and return standard deviations are compared. Based on a sample of bankruptcies from 1980 to 1991, results indicate that no existing model of bankruptcy adequately captures the data. During the last fiscal year preceding bankruptcy, none of the individual models may be excluded without a loss in explanatory power. If considered in isolation, the cash flow model discriminates most consistently two to three years before bankruptcy. By comparison, the ratio model is the best single model during the year immediately preceding bankruptcy. Quasi-jack-knifing procedures suggest that none of the models can reliably predict bankruptcy more than two years in advance.     

The Limitations of Bankruptcy Prediction Models: Some Cautions for the Researcher

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate potential problems associated with the use of bankruptcy prediction models in current research. The tests in this study demonstrate the problems that may arise when bankruptcy prediction models are inappropriately applied. This analysis evaluated the Zmijewski (1984) and Ohlson (1980) models using time periods, industries, and financial distress situations other than those used to originally develop the models. The findings indicated that both models were sensitive to time periods. That is, the accuracy of the models declined when applied to time periods different from those used to develop the models. The findings also suggest that the accuracy of each model continues to decline moving from the 1988–1991 to the 1992–1999 sample period. Additionally, Ohlson's (Zmijewski's) model was (was not) sensitive to industry classifications. The findings of this study also suggest that the Ohlson and Zmijewski models are not sensitive to financial distress situations other than those used to develop the models. Thus, the models appear to be more generally useful for predicting financial distress, not just bankruptcy.In sum, the results of this study suggest that researchers should use bankruptcy prediction models cautiously. Applying the models to time periods and industries other than those used to develop the models may result in a significant decline in the models' accuracies. Additionally, some bankruptcy prediction models may be more appropriate for evaluating various forms of financial distress as opposed to just bankruptcy. To avoid erroneous applications of bankruptcy prediction models in the future, it is necessary for researchers not only to understand the uses of prediction models, but also to understand the limitations of the models.     

Economic policy uncertainty and bankruptcy filings

Applying machine learning techniques to predict bankruptcy in the sample of French, Italian, Russian and Spanish firms, the study demonstrates that the inclusion of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indicator into bankruptcy prediction models notably increases their accuracy. This effect is more pronounced when we use novel Twitter-based version of EPU index instead of original news-based index. We further compare the prediction accuracy of machine learning techniques and conclude that stacking ensemble method outperforms (though marginally) machine learning methods, which are more commonly used for bankruptcy prediction, such as single classifiers and bagging.     

Factors Affecting the Probability of Bankruptcy: A Managerial Decision Based Approach

The majority of classification models developed have used a pool of financial ratios combined with statistical variable selection techniques to maximize the accuracy of the classifier constructed. Rather than follow this approach, this article seeks to provide an explicit economic basis for the selection of variables for inclusion in bankruptcy models. This search to develop an economic theory of bankruptcy augments the existing bankruptcy prediction literature. Variables which occur in bankruptcy probability expressions derived from the solution of a stochastic optimizing model of firm behaviour are 'proxied' by variables constructed from financial statement data. The random nature of the lifetime of a single firm provides the rationale for the use of duration or hazard-based statistical methods in the validation of the derived bankruptcy probability expressions. Results of the validation exercise confirm that the majority of variables included in the empirical hazard formulation behave in a way that is consistent with the model of the firm. The results highlight the need for developments in the measurement of earnings dispersion.     

Detecting Accounting Fraud in Publicly Traded U.S. Firms Using a Machine Learning Approach

We develop a state-of-the-art fraud prediction model using a machine learning approach. We demonstrate the value of combining domain knowledge and machine learning methods in model building. We select our model input based on existing accounting theories, but we differ from prior accounting research by using raw accounting numbers rather than financial ratios. We employ one of the most powerful machine learning methods, ensemble learning, rather than the commonly used method of logistic regression. To assess the performance of fraud prediction models, we introduce a new performance evaluation metric commonly used in ranking problems that is more appropriate for the fraud prediction task. Starting with an identical set of theory-motivated raw accounting numbers, we show that our new fraud prediction model outperforms two benchmark models by a large margin: the Dechow et al. logistic regression model based on financial ratios, and the Cecchini et al. support-vector-machine model with a financial kernel that maps raw accounting numbers into a broader set of ratios.     

Corporate bankruptcy prediction in Japan

The purpose of this study is to highlight the financial characteristics of failed firms in Japan, and to construct corporate bankruptcy prediction models with greater prediction accuracy. Our principal component analysis indicated that failed firms in Japan could be classified into two groups: a group having negative financial structures and a group having a declining flow of funds. Additionally, they can be classified into two other different categories of groups: one whose financial position during three years before shows a ‘V’ shape and another group that shows a ‘XXX’ shape.Our discriminant analysis indicated that improved prediction accuracy could be obtained by using, as predictor variables, both ratios and absolute amounts based on cash base financial statement data three years before failure. This data was adjusted to properly reflect the exceptions, reservations, and qualifications appearing in the audit reports and those based on accrual base financial statement data.     

Predicting Bankruptcy Resolution

This study examines classification and prediction of the bankruptcy resolution event. Filing of bankruptcy is resolved through one of three alternative resolutions: acquisition, emergence or liquidation. Predicting the final bankruptcy resolution has not been examined in the prior accounting and finance literature. This post-bankruptcy classification and prediction of the final resolution is harder than discriminating between healthy and bankrupt firms because all filing firms are already in financial distress. Motivation for predicting the final resolution is developed and enhanced. A sample of 237 firms filing for bankruptcy is used. Classification and prediction accuracies are determined using a logit model. A ten-variable, three-group resolution logit model, which includes five accounting and five non-accounting variables is developed. The model correctly classifies 62 percent of the firms, significantly better than a random classification. We conclude that non-accounting data add relevant information to financial accounting data for predicting post bankruptcy resolution. Further, public policy implications for investors, researchers, bankruptcy judges, claimants and other stakeholders are discussed.     

A comparison of alternative bankruptcy prediction models

Early models of bankruptcy prediction employed financial ratios drawn from pre-bankruptcy financial statements and performed well both in-sample and out-of-sample. Since then there has been an ongoing effort in the literature to develop models with even greater predictive performance. A significant innovation in the literature was the introduction into bankruptcy prediction models of capital market data such as excess stock returns and stock return volatility, along with the application of the Black–Scholes–Merton option-pricing model. In this note, we test five key bankruptcy models from the literature using an up-to-date data set and find that they each contain unique information regarding the probability of bankruptcy but that their performance varies over time. We build a new model comprising key variables from each of the five models and add a new variable that proxies for the degree of diversification within the firm. The degree of diversification is shown to be negatively associated with the risk of bankruptcy. This more general model outperforms the existing models in a variety of in-sample and out-of-sample tests.     

系统性风险与企业财务危机预警——基于前沿机器学习的新视角

本文采用Logit回归模型以及随机森林模型、梯度提升模型等前沿机器学习方法,深入考察系统性风险指标对我国企业财务危机的预测能力。结果表明,系统性风险对中下游企业的财务危机具有显著的预测能力,而基于因子分析构建的系统性风险指标,结合随机森林模型可取得更好的预测效果。本文进一步区分财务危机的不同成因并发现,基于随机森林模型和Logit回归模型的预测框架能够对我国大多数财务危机事件进行有效预警。在此基础上,本文对我国上市企业监管提出相关建议,从而为完善金融风险处置机制提供一定参考。