基于公司治理的会计政策选择

本文在介绍公司治理和会计政策选择基本概念及其相互关系的基础上 ,阐述了两种不同的公司治理模式下会计政策选择所表现出的一些特点。进而论述了公司治理相关利益主体对会计政策选择的影响 ,以及现阶段我国会计政策选择的现状 ,并提出从公司治理入手 ,提高会计政策选择的公允性。     

浅析金融危机下企业会计政策的选择

会计政策是企业会计信息生成的基础,贯穿于企业会计确认、计量、记录报告的整个会计过程,是会计发挥其功能作用的重要实现形式。当前,国际金融危机给企业带来了严重影响。会计政策选择正是一种经济和政治利益的博弈规则和制度安排。可以在一定程度上减轻企业的负面影响。文章从会计政策选择的本质和影响因素出发.介绍了企业可从存货计价、固定资产折旧、人民币算和公允价值计量四方面进行会计政策的选择。以及我国企业会计政策选择中存在的问题和相应的对策。     

相关利益主体对企业会计政策选择的影响

企业作为会计信息的生产和提供，与各相关利益主体构成博弈的一方和多方。出于利益和需求的动机，各方均可选择对自己有利的策略并付诸实施。会计计量方法选择的公允性始终成为各相关利益主体关注的焦点。必须进一步制定和完善公允的会计准则和公证审计制度，完善企业治理结构，发挥产权制度对会计信息生成过程的规范和界定功能，保证会计政策的公允性选择。     

会计政策选择的伦理研究

会计政策选择虽然在形式上表现为会计过程中的一种行为规范,但它的价值取向往往影响着与企业利益相关的各利益集团,是各方利益博弈均衡的结果。由于新会计准则全面引入了公允价值计量方法,扩大了会计政策选择的空间,因此,从伦理的角度探讨会计政策选择问题,具有非常重要的现实意义。     

投资性房地产会计政策的选择评析

我国新企业会计堆则规定,投资性房地产在满足一定条件时,可以采用公允价值模式进行后续计量.企业如何选择投资性房地产的后续计量模式成为关注的热点问题.本文通过比较投资性房地产后续计量采用的两种会计政策,分析了企业选用会计政策的现状及原因,并揭示了两种会计政策下产生的不同经济后果.     

新会计准则体系下会计政策选择的思考

企业选择会计政策的动因是:规避市场管制动机;纳税动机;追求管理者自身利益动机。新会计准则体系下会计政策选择存在的问题是:对于投资性房地产来说,成本模式计量同原来相比基本没有变化,而如何运用公允价值就成为一个非常关键的问题;对于企业存货来说,发出存货计价方法不同,对企业财务状况、盈亏情况会产生不同的影响。进一步完善会计准则的相关建议:要加强企业内部控制建设;对公允价值做出明确具体的规定;需要加强审计监督的作用;应加强我国市场环境的法制建设,建立健全管理机制。     

我国上市公司会计政策选择研究

会计政策是会计发挥其功能作用的重要实现形武,会计政策的选择又与企业的盈亏密切相关.企业只有恰当地选用会计政策,才能公允地反映会计信息提高会计信息的可靠性和相关性.目前已有的实证研究成果表明,上市公司在会计政策选择上不够规范,利用会计政策选择进行盈余管理或者利润操纵的现象较为普遍.必须通过人为设计或强化上市公司会计政策选择的规范,以防止其被过度滥用.为确保会计准则和相关会计制度的贯彻执行,规范企业的会计行为,保证企业会计信息的质量和促使企业利润的合理分配,对企业会计政策选择的研究具有非常重要的意义.     

企业会计政策选择的问题研究

一、会计政策选择的基本概念 会计政策是我国企业在会计确认、计量、报告过程中应用的会计处理原则、基础以及方法.会计政策选择是相关企业依据自身的实际经营状况,根据一定的准则来选择合理的会计计量方法的整个过程.对属于同一范畴的经济活动内容,如果采用不同的会计政策,就会出现差别显著的会计信息内容,对于这些有差别的会计信息内容需要采取有针对性的决策.     

小议企业会计政策的选择机制

在我国的计划经济这一个体制背景下,我国的企业会计政策选择过程中的余地很小.但是,伴随着我国的社会主义市场经济以及现代的企业制度不断得到完善和建立,我国的企业所进行的会计政策选择内在动因以及外部环境这二者都已经具备,这也就使得我国企业的会计政策选择已经成为了一种必然趋势,企业通过自身选择会计政策,最终促进了企业实现自身的目标,不仅仅使得企业能够对不断变化以及出现新情况和新问题进行应吐更加能够使得企业保护自身的利盈达到自身的目的。所以,究竟应该怎么样选择会计政策已经成为了企业在自身会计工作过程中不能够缺少和回避的重要问题之一。本文中,笔者就对企业会计政策选择机制进行分析和探讨。     

企业会计政策选择机制

在计划经济体制下，我国企业会计政策选择的余地甚微，但随着社会主义市场经济体制和现代企业制度的建立和完善，我国企业进行会计政策选择的外部环境和内在动因已经具备，使企业会计政策的选择成为必然，企业通过会计政策的选择，促进企业目标的实现，还可以应对不断出现和变化的新情况、新问题，另外，企业各利益相关者为各自的利益驱动，也会迫使企业进行会计政策的选择，以选择有利于自身利益的会计政策，达到各自的目的。因此，如何正确选用会计政策以恰当表达有效传递会计信息给不同的利益相关者，成为企业会计工作中不可回避的问题。     

论我国企业会计政策的合理选择

企业选择不同的会计政策会产生不同的会计信息,它将影响不同利益集团的分配结果,影响社会资源的配置效率.因此,我们有必要通过研究导致我国会计政策选择产生问题的原因,探究解决问题的办法,以使我国会计政策选择更加规范、合理,会计信息更加真实、可靠.     

供求矛盾、信息决策与政府会计改革——兼评我国公共领域的信息悖论

在西方国家的政治市场中,会计信息被公众视为政府不同公共政策经济后果的货币化体现与替代变量。公众通过会计信息识别公共政策的差异,做出支持或反对执政当局的决定。政府披露会计信息,说明公共资源的使用过程(预算信息)与使用结果(形成的资产、负债与发生的成本),以便获得公众的支持,谋取再次当选。政治市场中的信息供求双方经过博弈,导致会计信息披露将受"准则"的约束而实现均衡。然而,我国公共领域会计信息披露并未实现上述均衡状态,反而呈现出供给过剩与短缺并存的现象。本文期望通过分析我国政治体制下的信息供求双方与信息产品的特殊性,解读上述现象形成的公共领域信息披露悖论,并对我国政府会计改革的实施策略提出建议。     

Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?

The choice between fair value and historical cost accounting is the subject of long-standing controversy among accounting academics and regulators. Nevertheless, the market-based evidence on this subject is limited. We study the choice of fair value versus historical cost accounting for non-financial assets in a setting where market forces rather than regulators determine the outcome. In general, we find a very limited use of fair value accounting. However, the observed variation is consistent with market forces determining the choice. Fair value accounting is used when reliable fair value estimates are available at a lower cost and when they convey information about operating performance. For example, with very few exceptions, firms’ managers commit to historical cost accounting for plant and equipment. Our findings contribute to the policy debate by documenting the market solution to one of the central questions in the accounting literature. Our findings indicate that, despite its conceptual merits, fair value is unlikely to become the primary valuation method for illiquid non-financial assets on a voluntary basis.     

医药类上市公司会计政策选择研究

会计政策选择能否恰当,直接影响着企业所提供的会计信息质量,进而影响外部信息使用者的决策。文章以沪深两市医药类上市公司2011到2013连续三年的会计年报的数据为样本,统计分析了医药类上市公司会计政策的选择情况和存在的问题,对规范医药类上市公司会计政策选择提出了相关对策。     

DETERMINANTS OF ACCOUNTING POLICY CHOICE IN THE AUSTRALIAN PROPERTY INDUSTRY: A PORTFOLIO APPROACH

The objective of this research is to explain accounting policy choice in the Australian property industry by reference to costly contracting theory. This paper makes three departures from the predominant literature. First, instead of focusing on a single policy choice, it focuses on a portfolio of 15 choices. Second, instead of measuring each policy choice dichotomously, it measures the dollar effect of each policy choice. Finally, the research focuses on the impact of policy choices on owners' equity as well as income. The results confirm the importance of compensation arrangements as a determinant of accounting policy choice but fail to provide evidence that debt constraints or political costs are significant determinants of accounting policy choice. These results suggest that including property firms in a more heterogeneous sample may reduce the power of tests on the debt constraints and political costs hypotheses. More generally (when compared to previous research) the results suggest that the determinants of policy choice are likely to be industry specific.     

论会计政策选择目标

会计政策选择作为特定主体的一种理性行为,必然存在一定的目标。会计政策选择的目标不直接等同于会计目标。宏观会计政策选择的目标应当是基于资源优化配置的以决策有用的真实收益为核心的目标体系,微观会计政策选择的目标为企业价值最大化。宏观会计政策选择与微观会计政策选择目标的不一致,决定了会计目标的实现形式。     

The effect of information shocks on dividend payout and dividend value relevance

We exploit the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as a source of exogenous shock to the corporate financial information environment to study the potential effect that this information shock might have on the dividend payout policy and dividend value relevance in the UK and France. We employ a difference-in-differences research design, in which our choice of the control and treatment groups is mainly based on the divergence between domestic accounting standards and IFRS, while holding institutional factors constant. The UK domestic accounting standards slightly diverge from IFRS (low-divergence firms), whereas French domestic accounting standards substantially diverge from IFRS (high-divergence firms). Nevertheless, both countries have similar institutional factors that might confound the effect of IFRS adoption. Our theoretical argument is that IFRS adoption is expected to mitigate information asymmetry, a major reason for the free cash flow problem (Jensen, 1986) and cash over-retention (Myers & Majluf, 1984). Our findings suggest that IFRS adoption is a major contributor in increasing dividend payouts among high-divergence firms via reduction of asymmetric information. Moreover, improving the information environment helps investors become more confident about using accounting numbers to assess firm financial performance, which causes a significant reduction in dividend value relevance among high-divergence firms.     

A Statistical Model of International Accounting Harmonization

This article shows how the difference between the observed frequencies of accounting policy choice and the outcome of a random policy choice, where each available method has an equal chance of being selected, may be fully explained with a statistical model. The process of harmonization is described in a way that identifies departures from equiprobable accounting policy choice as either: (a) the systematic effects of harmonization, or (b) the effects of systematic divergence from international harmony where the frequency of adoption of differing accounting methods varies across countries, or (c) the effects of company-specific accounting policy choices. The understanding of harmony that underlies previous attempts to measure harmonization is such that, with respect to a particular financial statement item, a situation of maximum harmony is reached when all companies in all countries use the same accounting method. From the standpoint of modelling the harmonization process. however, a different concept of harmony may be more useful. In this article, therefore, we posit a state of distributional harnzony in which, other things being equal, the expected distribution of accounting policy choices is the same in each country. In this theoretical state. the odds of selecting a given accounting method from those available for a particular financial statement item are identical for each country. A major advantage of this benchmark is that it provides a basis for distinguishing between two possibly conflicting components of the international harmonization process: between-country harmonization and within-country standardization. A hierarchy of nested statistical models is then used to describe accounting policy choices made by companies with an international shareholding and registered in Europe, where the European Union has been involved in a program of accounting harmonization. The accounting policies analysed in depth in this article comprise the treatment of goodwill and accounting for deferred taxation. The results are compared with the comparability index method used previously in harmonization research studies.     

会计政策选择的契约动因研究--来自我国上市公司低值易耗品摊销方法选择的经验证据

会计政策的可选择性为企业真实反映经济业务实质创造条件的同时,也为企业管理当局操纵会计盈余提供了机会.分析和检验会计政策选择的动因对企业会计准则的完善与企业会计行为的监管均具有十分重要的现实意义.本文以低值易耗品摊销方法选择为切入点,选取符合我国企业特征的契约变量,运用均值检验和Logistic回归方法对低值易耗品摊销方法的选择动因进行了实证检验,结果证实了实证会计理论中的政治成本假设和报酬契约假设.