资本监管制度与贷款损失准备计提会计准则的协调性——小微企业信贷诱导有效性视角

本文考察下调小微企业债权风险权重的《商业银行资本管理办法(试行)》的银行信贷供给诱导有效性及其贷款损失准备计提会计准则规范影响的协调性。研究发现,下调小微企业债权风险权重的资本监管规则实施对银行小微企业信贷供给具有显著诱导有效性,但已发生损失模型下贷款损失准备计提对此具有削弱作用,其削弱路径主要来自会计信息的风险信号传递调节效应,与资本约束中介效应无关。进一步研究发现,相比其他银行,市场竞争力较弱的银行、以市场景气度较高小微企业为主要信贷投放对象的银行,具有更为显著的资本监管诱导有效性及贷款损失准备计提削弱效应,显示提高相关制度协调性并充分发挥市场激励作用,有助于进一步缓解小微企业"信贷配给"现象。     

银行风险承担渠道、流动性囤积与货币政策传导的“梗阻效应”研究

监管部门多次强调，银行要提高对不良贷款考核的容忍度，表明疏通银行风险承担渠道已成为解决货币政策传导不畅问题的重要方面。对此，本文考察银行风险承担渠道两阶段传导环节的具体表现，在此基础上研究流动性囤积对银行风险承担渠道的“梗阻效应”，得出以下主要结论：第一，宽松的货币政策显著提高了银行风险偏好水平，且风险偏好的提升会使银行有更强的信贷反应。第二，银行流动性囤积显著抑制了宽松货币政策对银行风险偏好的促进作用，显著弱化了高风险偏好银行的信贷行为。第三，“梗阻效应”在区域性银行以及资本充足率较低的银行中更为明显。本文的研究刻画出银行普遍进行流动性囤积对银行风险承担渠道形成的“梗阻效应”，为了破解货币政策传导不畅的困局，应更加重视银行流动性囤积在货币政策传导中的影响。     

影子银行监管的风险防范和信贷紧缩效应——来自资管新规的证据

资管新规有效防范化解了影子银行带来的潜在系统性风险，同时对商业银行的风险偏好与资产负债业务产生了一定影响。本文利用2014—2020年上市银行半年度数据，基于资管新规政策，使用双重差分模型实证研究影子银行监管对商业银行风险承担与信贷供给的影响。结果发现：第一，相较低风险行业，资管新规显著降低了商业银行对高风险行业的信贷投放，即起到风险防范作用；第二，资管新规抑制了理财产品的发放，导致银行融资渠道收缩，进而引起整体信贷收缩；第三，为承接理财资金，银行加剧了存款竞争，存款利率因此抬升，并传导至贷款利率。进一步研究发现，资管新规削弱了货币政策传导的有效性。本文的研究对于理解实体经济的融资困境有一定启示意义。     

跨境资本流动对银行风险的影响——基于风险累积效应和风险传染效应的视角

从风险累积效应和风险传染效应两个视角揭示跨境资本流动对银行风险的影响机理,并基于2000年第一季度至2020年第四季度时间序列数据进行经验检验,结果表明:跨境资本流动、跨境资本流入、跨境资本流出均显著增加了银行风险,且三者对银行风险的影响均存在显著的风险累积效应;跨境资本流动、跨境资本流入、跨境资本流出均通过影响金融机构人民币各项贷款余额同比增速、金融机构外币各项贷款余额同比增速、金融机构本外币各项贷款余额同比增速以及境内住户中长期消费贷款同比增速等信贷渠道显著提高银行风险承担水平,实现银行风险累积,从而增加银行风险;跨境资本流动、跨境资本流入、跨境资本流出均显著提高了股票价格、房地产价格和实际汇率的波动水平,且跨境资本流动通过股票市场、房地产市场和汇率市场将波动水平传染至银行系统,增加了银行风险,股票市场、房地产市场和汇率市场更是强化了这种传染效应。     

商业银行资本充足率扩充途径与机制研究北大核心

2017年发布的巴塞尔协议III最终方案标志着商业银行资本监管体系正式迈入后危机时代。在银行资产负债表不断扩张的背景下,通过对131家银行2013-2019年数据进行分解,本文发现:我国商业银行资本充足率提升主要依赖内源性资本扩充,大部分来自留存收益;风险加权资产占比只在极少数银行有下降;前期缓冲资本水平较高的银行面临总资产和风险业务的高速扩张。进一步研究表明:大型银行的风险资产管理更规范,2014年施行的资本管理高级方法显著降低了试点银行的风险加权资产占比,其作用机制为调整贷款结构和改进银行风险权重。     

贷款集中度对银行风险承担行为的影响——来自中国上市银行的经验证据

本文采用中国13家上市银行2005~2012年的相关数据,构建动态面板数据模型分析贷款集中度对银行风险承担行为的影响。研究表明,贷款集中度的不同代理变量对银行风险承担行为的影响存在差异性,在一定范围内提高最大十家客户贷款比例可抑制银行风险承担行为,行业贷款集中度和地区贷款集中度对银行风险承担行为无显著影响。分析结果显示,地区贷款集中度对银行风险承担行为的影响依赖于银行规模与其资本充足率,银行规模越大、资本越充足,则风险承担行为对贷款集中度的反应越不敏感。监管部门应据此采取有针对性的措施防范银行的信贷集中度风险。     

中国委托贷款弥补了正规信贷不足吗？

本文利用手工搜集整理的委托贷款这一独特数据,从正规信贷周期视角切入实证考察我国影子银行运作问题。结果表明,委托贷款这一影子银行机制呈现出鲜明的逆信贷周期特点,当正规信贷收缩时,企业发放委托贷款的概率和规模都显著增加。进一步研究发现:一方面,从企业层面看,与正规信贷宽松时期相比,正规信贷紧缩时民营企业等体制外企业获得委托贷款的概率及规模都显著增加;另一方面,从地区层面看,与正规信贷宽松时期相比,正规信贷紧缩时委托贷款更多流向正规信贷缺口较大的省份。另外,从风险层面看,委托贷款违约概率显著高于同期银行不良贷款率,而且,与国有企业等体制内企业相比,民营企业等体制外企业获得的委托贷款违约概率相对更大。这些结果表明,委托贷款这一影子银行机制是对正规信贷不足的市场反应,正规信贷紧缩促使委托贷款资金流向融资约束较大地区和企业的同时也推高了影子银行风险。本文提供了委托贷款逆信贷周期特点的新鲜证据,有助于厘清影子银行在金融体系中发挥的作用及其风险含义,从而对委托贷款等影子银行监管相关问题提供借鉴。     

监管约束下农村中小金融机构的资本调整与风险承担

为探究监管约束下农村中小金融机构的资本调整与风险承担,本文将资本监管分为惩罚监管和预警监管,结合银行涉农贷款构建实证模型,使用2014-2019年我国95家农村中小银行的面板数据进行实证分析.研究发现:(1)资本监管对满足监管要求的农村中小金融机构具有显著的约束效应,而对不满足监管要求的农村中小金融机构的约束效应较弱;(2)由于面临较高的涉农贷款违约风险,农村中小银行的资本缓冲越大,资本调整越谨慎;(3)农村中小银行可通过增加资本储备来降低风险承担,其资本和风险水平均存在内生调整的稳定趋势.(4)惩罚监管约束下农村商业银行和村镇银行的风险变动具有异质性.据此,本文建议监管部门适时出台指引,引导农村中小银行建立内部资本约束机制,增强银行的风险量化管理能力.     

宏观审慎政策与银行风险承担研究

针对宏观审慎政策中的逆周期政策工具对银行风险承担产生的影响进行了分析。在理论上研究了逆周期政策工具所带来的宏观和微观效应,并运用动态面板数据广义矩估计方法进行了实证分析。研究发现,在信贷扩张期杠杆率、贷款损失准备金率的上升会使银行的当期风险承担水平增加,资本充足率的提高使风险承担降低。而滞后六个月的资本充足率、杠杆率、贷款损失准备金率的上升可以显著降低当期的风险承担水平,宏观审慎政策工具的宏观效应和微观效应一致。     

多重约束下商业银行资产组合管理研究——以X银行为例北大核心CSSCISSCI

商业银行在追求利益最大化的同时,受多重约束条件的限制,但是目前国内外对约束条件下银行行为的研究,缺乏多重约束条件的综合分析,无法发现多重约束条件之间可能产生的制度冲突,本文试图弥补这一缺失。本文以资产组合管理为切入点建立最优规划模型,以X银行的实际业务数据为基础进行数值模拟,对多重约束下的资产组合进行研究。结果显示,在现行收益和多重约束条件下:(1)风险收益仍是影响银行决策的最主要因素;(2)和资本约束相比,信贷规模约束对银行决策的影响更显著;(3)零售产品发展具有较强内在动力;(4)银行具有一定的风险敏感性,但利率市场化和信贷规模管控可能削弱风险敏感性;(5)信贷规模约束对中小企业发展存在抑制作用。     

Loan pricing under Basel capital requirements

We analyze the loan pricing implications of the reform of bank capital regulation known as Basel II. We consider a perfectly competitive market for business loans where, as in the model underlying the internal ratings based (IRB) approach of Basel II, a single risk factor explains the correlation in defaults across firms. Our loan pricing equation implies that low risk firms will achieve reductions in their loan rates by borrowing from banks adopting the IRB approach, while high risk firms will avoid increases in their loan rates by borrowing from banks that adopt the less risk-sensitive standardized approach of Basel II. We also show that only a very high social cost of bank failure might justify the proposed IRB capital charges, partly because the net interest income from performing loans is not counted as a buffer against credit losses. A net interest income correction for IRB capital requirements is proposed.     

Capital shocks, bank asset allocation, and the revised Basel Accord

In contrast to the 1988 Basel Accord (Basel I), the revised risk-based capital standards (Basel II) propose regulatory capital requirements based on credit ratings. This paper develops a theoretical model to analyze how banks will adjust their low and high credit risk commercial loans under the proposed newer standard. Capital-constrained banks respond to an adverse capital shock by reducing high credit risk loans, while under certain circumstances, low credit risk loans may actually increase. When compared to Basel I, it is shown that high-risk loans are reduced more under Basel II, but whether a bank reduces total lending more under Basel I or under the revised standards depends on a complex interaction of factors.     

内部评级法思想及其在商业银行风险管理中的应用

为提升国内银行的风险管理能力,银监会不断推进实施新资本协议.内部评级法作为新资本协议的核心内容,其基本思想对于商业银行提高风险管理能力具有重要指导作用.本文从内部评级法的基本思想入手,结合内部评级法在国内银行风险管理中的应用情况,提出应用内部评级法加强国内银行风险管理的政策建议.     

The Basel Committee proposals for a new capital accord: implications for Italian banks

Following a few general considerations on the recently proposed revision of the Basel Agreement on capital adequacy, this paper focuses on the first pillar of the Basel Committee proposals, the handling of capital requirements for credit risk in the banking book. The Basel Committee envisages an approach alternatively based on external ratings or on internal rating systems for the determination of the minimum capital requirement related to bank loan portfolios. This approach supports a system of capital requirements that is more sensitive to credit risk. On the basis of specific assumptions, these requirements provide a measure of the value at risk (VaR) produced by models used by major international banks. We first address the impact of the standardised and (internal ratings-based) IRB foundation approach using general data on Italian banks loans' portfolios default rates. We then simulate the impact of the proposed new rules on the corporate loan portfolios of Italian banks, using the unique data set of mortality rates recently published by the Bank of Italy. Three main conclusions emerge from the analysis: (i) the standardised approach implicitly penalizes Italian banks in their interbank funding as their rating is generally below AA/Aa, (ii) the average default rate experienced by Italian banks is higher than the one implied in the benchmark risk weight (BRW) proposed by the Basel Committee for the IRB foundation approach, thereby potentially leading to an increase in the regulatory risk weights, and (iii) the risk-weight is based on an average asset correlation that is significantly higher than the one historically recorded within the Italian banks' corporate borrowers. These findings support the need for a significant revision of the basic inputs and assumptions of the Basel proposals. Finally, in relation to the conditions that allow the capital market to effectively discipline banks, we comment on the proposals advanced in relation to the third pillar of the new capital adequacy scheme.     

个人住房抵押贷款违约风险跃迁概率研究

巴塞尔新资本协议提出针对个人住房抵押贷款可采用内部评级高级法评估其风险,在满足某些最低条件和披露要求的前提下,商业银行可根据自己对个人住房抵押贷款违约概率、违约损失率、违约风险暴露和期限等要素的估计值确定相应的资本要求。本文提出将风险跃迁概率引入到对个人住房抵押贷款提前还款-违约概率的定量估计中。借助逻辑斯特模型,本文将这一概念实际运用到对个人住房抵押贷款微观数据的分析当中,得到的实证研究结论包括借款人历史还款状态可以作为表征其未来还款状态的重要指标,贷龄与借款人还款状态的跃迁概率显著相关等。     

绿色信贷政策得不偿失还是得偿所愿？——基于资源配置视角的PSM-DID成本效率分析

党的十九大报告聚焦生态文明体制改革,明确提出了发展绿色金融的战略要求。商业银行作为实施绿色信贷政策的主体,更加关注因此而产生的成本效率问题,即考量银行自身是得不偿失抑或得偿所愿？本文基于2005—2017年间73家中国商业银行的数据,首先,运用SFA模型测算商业银行的成本效率;其次,运用倾向得分匹配—双重差分法(PSM-DID)实证分析绿色信贷政策对银行成本效率影响的净效应;最后,采用边际动态检验方法考察绿色信贷政策净效应的影响趋势。文章发现绿色信贷政策的实施会通过成本效应机制降低银行成本效率,但同时因其改善了银行的信贷风险管理、提升了银行的声誉,从而对银行成本效率施加正向影响。此外,文章还发现绿色信贷政策的净效应呈现U型趋势,表现为2007—2013年绿色信贷政策净效应负向影响加深,2014年后出现转好信号,现已越过U型谷底。因此,从长期看,绿色信贷政策将有利于银行成本效率提升。     

Capital requirements and mortgage pricing: Evidence from Basel II

As a result of the Basel II reforms, capital requirements on UK mortgages fell substantially in coincidence with the financial crisis. We exploit a novel, loan-level dataset on within-lender variation in risk-weighted capital requirements and a triple-difference identification strategy to estimate the pass through of capital requirements to mortgage rates. We find that a 1pp lower risk-weighted capital requirement leads to a reduction in rates by 10–16bp on average, with stronger effects for less-capitalized lenders. The competitive advantage induced by multi-tier regulation also affects the composition of banks mortgage portfolios, with larger lenders specializing in lower risk loans. Finally, our results support the use of countercyclical capital requirements to sustain lending in a crisis.     

地方政府财政压力与银行信贷资源配置效率--基于我国城市商业银行的研究证据北大核心

基于2005-2015年我国城市商业银行的样本,本文研究省级地方政府财政压力是否对商业银行信贷资金投向和信贷资源配置效率产生影响。研究发现,地方政府财政压力是影响城市商业银行信贷资源配置的重要因素。具体而言,省级地方政府的财政压力越大,省内城市商业银行投向地方国有经济部门的贷款比率越高。然而,信贷资源更多投向地方国有经济部门的银行有更高的不良贷款率和更差的会计业绩。进一步研究发现,在财政压力大的省份,城市商业银行投向地方国有经济部门的贷款比率越高,则贷款拨备率越低,这表明城市商业银行会通过盈余管理行为来应对监管压力。本文研究结论对商业银行监管以及防范化解金融风险有重要启示。     

A practical approach to validating a PD model

The capital adequacy framework Basel II aims to promote the adoption of stronger risk management practices by the banking industry. The implementation makes validation of credit risk models more important. Lenders therefore need a validation methodology to convince their supervisors that their credit scoring models are performing well. In this paper we take up the challenge to propose and implement a simple validation methodology that can be used by banks to validate their credit risk modelling exercise. We will contextualise the proposed methodology by applying it to a default model of mortgage loans of a commercial bank in the Netherlands.     

A real options approach for evaluating the implementation of a risk-sensitive capital rule in banks

I evaluate a bank's incentives to implement a risk-sensitive regulatory capital rule. The decision making is analyzed within a real options framework where optimal policies are derived in terms of threshold levels of credit risk. I provide a numerical example for the implementation of internal ratings based models for credit risk (the IRB approach) under the new Basel Accord (Basel II).