Capital and Labor Reallocation within Firms

We document how a positive shock to investment opportunities at one plant (“treated plant”) spills over to other plants within the same firm, but only if the firm is financially constrained. To provide the treated plant with resources, the firm's headquarters withdraws capital and labor from other plants, especially plants that are relatively less productive, not part of the firm's core industries, and located far away from headquarters. As a result of the resource reallocation, aggregate firm‐wide productivity increases. We do not find evidence of capital or labor spillovers among plants of financially unconstrained firms.     

A Labor Capital Asset Pricing Model

We show that labor search frictions are an important determinant of the cross‐section of equity returns. Empirically, we find that firms with low loadings on labor market tightness outperform firms with high loadings by 6% annually. We propose a partial equilibrium labor market model in which heterogeneous firms make dynamic employment decisions under labor search frictions. In the model, loadings on labor market tightness proxy for priced time‐variation in the efficiency of the aggregate matching technology. Firms with low loadings are more exposed to adverse matching efficiency shocks and require higher expected stock returns.     

企业家人力资本优选与配置

企业家人力资本是企业价值的关键驱动因素,如何正确的优选和配置企业家人力资本是培育企业竞争优势的关键。企业家人力资本配置的核心是把“适宜的人放在企业家位置上”。本文采用层次分析法(AHP)作为甄选企业家人力资本的选择方法,使得选拔尽可能合理、标准,充分发挥企业家人力资本的作用。     

Taxing Mobile Capital with Labor Market Imperfections

Taxing internationally mobile factors of production has been dismissed as an inefficient means of raising tax revenue. This paper addresses the question of whether it is efficient to tax capital at source when labor markets and the taxation of lumpsum income suffer from imperfections. Four reasons for taxing capital are identified: (i) institutional constraints rendering any taxation of profit income infeasible; (ii) market power in the demand for labor; (iii) market power in the supply of labor if it increases with the employment of capital; (iv) unemployment benefits that are not tied to net real wages. It is argued that the case for taxing capital is not particularly strong. By reinterpreting capital as energy the results are applicable to the discussion about ecological tax reforms.     

Labor Rights,Venture Capital,and Firm Performance

We investigate the role of labor unions in the performance of venture capital (VC)‐backed firms. Using a large sample of initial public offering firms from 1983 to 2013, we find that VC‐backed firms in highly unionized industries have lower Tobin's Q and are less likely to survive. This effect is robust to endogeneity concerns and to controlling for industry and firm characteristics. The findings suggest that strong labor rights impede innovative firms’ performance and survival, thereby adversely affecting innovation, economic growth, and employment.     

The Multi-Period Cost-Benefit Rule with Mobile Capital and Distorted Labor

Lind (1990) argues that capital mobility should be incorporated into the discussions of the social discount rate. He finds that when labor market distortion is ignored in that context, the appropriate discount rate for both project benefits and costs is the net rate of return, and the gross rate of return does not enter into the rule. Taking into account the labor market distortion, we find that a projects impacts on government receipts should be incorporated into its evaluation and that costs should be multiplied by a marginal cost of funds (MCF) before being compared with benefits. Although the net rate continues to be the correct discount rate to use, the gross rate enters into the rule by having effects on the projects receipt impacts and the MCF.JEL Code: D61, H43, F21     

Corporate Reorganizations: Changes in the Intensity of Labor and Capital Expenditures

Using a new measure that indirectly captures a firm's restructuring efforts on the basis of changes in its labor and capital expenditure patterns, this study examines the link between restructuring and financial performance for an international sample of firms during the years 1989–1997. Results show that firms that curbed the growth in labor expense intensity (labor expense relative to sales), regardless of the accompanying changes in sales or in capital expenditure intensity, had significantly higher annual returns (despite having lower profitability) than firms that expanded their labor intensity. Financial market's response to a reduction in labor expense intensity appears to be more favorable if this reduction is accompanied by a reduction in capital expenditure growth when firms face declining sales, and an increase in capital expenditure growth when firm sales are growing.     

金融深化、劳力资本扭曲与产业结构升级优化

通过搜集中国2000—2017年省域面板数据,采用面板OLS和差分GMM模型分析金融深化、劳力资本扭曲对产业结构转型升级优化的本地效应影响,结果表明,金融深化显著促进产业结构高度化和产业结构合理化,劳力资本扭曲抑制产业结构高度化和合理化。金融深化与劳力资本扭曲交互项结果表明,劳力资本扭曲对金融深化影响产业结构优化升级的效果是非线性的,即在劳力资本扭曲严重的地区,金融深化反而不利于产业结构升级优化,而在劳力资本扭曲较轻的地区,金融深化促进产业升级效果更显著。进一步构建空间计量模型,发现不考虑空间因素会低估金融深化和劳力资本扭曲对产业结构的影响。     

出口制造业固定资产、劳动力成本与资本效率

国有和民营出口制造业相对于劳动力成本的固定资产投资反映了资本效率问题,提出的模型包括固定资产在企业总成本中所占份额的增长率变化以及相应的工人人均固定资产的变化对出口产值的影响,并部分解释了国有企业和民营企业之间出现的出口主体替代现象.我们所用的从1986～2002年的统计数据支持了得自模型的假设.     

PPP模式下政府与社会资本双边匹配博弈分析

近年来,公共服务领域的投资需求旺盛,政府投融资模式面临转型升级,PPP模式一度受到推广和发展.然而,当前PPP模式在我国推行遇冷,政府和社会资本存在逆向选择与低效匹配,双方合作需求难以得到充分满足,导致项目落地困难,市场总体情绪低落.本文运用双边匹配理论,分析PPP模式中政府方和社会资本方的合作博弈问题,基于双方匹配特征构建决策模型,对形成稳定结果的不同匹配机制进行分析.首先,从政府方与社会资本方的匹配动机、匹配偏好和匹配过程,分析影响匹配满意度的因素;其次,根据满意度评价建立Borda得分矩阵得到PPP项目双方匹配度矩阵,构建双边匹配决策模型;然后,对比匹配度最大化、双边得益最大化和有限满意度三种匹配机制的博弈结果;最后,通过实证算例分析,得出"双赢"的PPP项目匹配效率更高,设置隐性门槛不利于有效匹配等结论,并结合我国实践提出建议.     

异质型人力资本溢出、劳动力流动与城乡收入差距

文章引入流动劳动力的异质性结构对传统人力资本溢出理论进行拓展,分析城乡人力资本溢出、劳动力流动对城乡收入差距的影响机理,并基于新古典增长模型和卢卡斯内生增长模型构造收入函数,运用SVAR动态方法,VECM长短期因果检验和预测方差分解对城乡异质型流动人力资本等因素对城乡收入差距变动的影响进行了考察,发现：城乡人力资本流动规模的扩大以及低技能人力资本的流出扩大了收入差距,高技能人力资本的流出缩小了收入差距.由于城乡流动人力资本中低技能型比重偏高,高技能型流动人力资本比重偏低,因此劳动力流动扩大了城乡收入差距.     

Production in Entrepreneurial Firms: The Effects of Financial Constraints on Labor and Capital

I model the contrasting capital-labor decisions of financiallyconstrained and unconstrained firms. I show that financiallyrestricted firms use relatively more labor than physical capitalbecause informed employees provide more efficient financingthan uninformed capital suppliers. I demonstrate that constrainedfirms cannot easily attract new employees to replace existingstaff. Their greater employee retention aligns owner-workerincentives and encourages workers to make firm-specific investments.Constrained firms, however, gradually suffer from their inabilityto replace low-quality workers, such that their relative laborproductivity decreases over time. Empirical tests utilizinginstrumental variables confirm several implications of the theory.     

Interregional Income Redistribution and Convergence in a Model with Perfect Capital Mobility and Unionized Labor Markets

The model presents a general equilibrium dynamic model of an economy consisting of many regions. Capital is perfectly mobile and labor is immobile across regions. Wages are determined by local unions. There is training on the job and strategic complementarity between investment in physical capital by firms and investment in becoming “trainable’’ by workers. Structurally similar regional economies preserve forever their differences in per capita output and employment rate, if the workers’ non-labor income is equalized across regions by interregional income redistribution operated via central budget. Regional decentralization of income redistribution allows convergence in per capita output and employment rate.     

How Smart Is Smart Money? A Two‐Sided Matching Model of Venture Capital

I find that companies funded by more experienced VCs are more likely to go public. This follows both from the direct influence of more experienced VCs and from sorting in the market, which leads experienced VCs to invest in better companies. Sorting creates an endogeneity problem, but a structural model based on a two‐sided matching model is able to exploit the characteristics of the other agents in the market to separately identify and estimate influence and sorting. Both effects are found to be significant, with sorting almost twice as important as influence for the difference in IPO rates.     

金融双语资本分类与混合资本债券

巴塞尔资本协议按照资本质量以及弥补资本损失的能力,将银行资本划分为一级、二级和三级资本.其中,一级资本包括普通股股本等属于核心层的资本;二级资本则包括普通准备、次级定期债务以及混合资本工具等;三级资本包括一些期限较短的定期次级债务,目的是应对市场风险.对于二级资本中的混合资本工具而言,巴塞尔协议规定,混合资本工具包括一系列同时具有股权资本和债务资本特性的工具,其共性为:无担保、从属性;期限一般为10年以上甚至永久;偿还次序低于或等于长期次级债务;在约定的情况下,在债券到期时,混合资本工具可以延期支付本金和利息;混合资本工具可计入附属资本的比例最高可达到100%.     

Potential Spatial Labor and Human Capital Mobility in China: Evidence from College Admissions Under the National College Entrance Examination System

Abstract:

Higher education in China plays an important role in promoting labor and human capital mobility. In this paper, I empirically address the issue of regional disparities, college admissions under the National College Entrance Examination (CEE) system, and potential interregional labor and human capital mobility in China. The results show that examinees from western provinces have a strong preference for coastal universities, compared with examinees from central provinces. College admissions in China then seem to have a stronger effect on potential labor and human capital movement from the western to the coastal regions than from the central to the coastal regions.     

资本监管与银行最优资本结构

资本监管已成为现代商业银行监管体系的核心,而现有研究对资本监管的重要性缺乏系统的理论研究。基于此,本文从MM理论出发,逐步分析并得出:银行自身经营的特殊性、银行作为一般企业所追求的企业价值最大化行为以及银行作为特殊企业所得到的银行安全网保护等因素使得银行形成不断提高最优资产负债率和降低资本充足率的内在机制,逐步分析不同情形下的银行最优资本结构,进而说明资本监管对于维系银行经营的稳健性和审慎性以及减少银行破产而导致的负外部性等方面的重要作用。     

Bank Capital Requirements, Capital Structure and Regulation

This paper studies the impact of capital requirements, deposit insurance and franchise value on a bank’s capital structure. We find that properly regulated banks voluntarily choose to maintain capital in excess of the minimum required. Central to this decision is both firm franchise value and the ability of regulators to place banks in receivership stripping equity holders of firm value. These features of our model help explain both the capital structure of the large mortgage Government Sponsored Enterprises and the recent increase in risk taking through leverage by financial institutions. The insights gained from the model are useful in guiding the discussion of financial regulatory reforms.     

印度的资本流动与资本账户开放

印度在上世纪90年代开始的资本账户开放,促进了印度资本流动的大发展,本文从五个方面介绍了资本账户开放的主要内容.印度的资本账户开放对印度意义重大,并取得了初步成功,其关键就在于渐进式改革的推进,这对包括中国在内的发展中国家都有借鉴意义.