"走出去"企业税收支持政策的优化思路探究

近几年,在经济全球化水平的不断发展下,我国各大企业开始实行"一带一路"和"走出去"战略,这对我国现代化建设具有深远的战略意义,目的是为了真正提高我国企业在国际范围内的竞争力.但是由于以往我国企业主要以吸引外资税收的激励政策为主,在"走出去"税收政策上还存在许多问题.因此,本文就以"走出去"企业发展现状及面临的问题为根本,从不同方面分析我国"走出去"企业税收支持政策的相关方案,从而进一步提高我国企业"走出去"的税收征管水平.     

"走出去"企业如何应对国家风险

企业"走出去"须对国家风险有清醒认识 尽管我们的企业在"走出去"后取得了一些成绩,但并不代表没有问题.商务部魏建国副部长在首届国家风险管理论坛报告会演讲时明确指出:我国企业"走出去",还存在一些比较突出的矛盾和问题,还面临着许多外部的风险.当前国际形势总体上是和平稳定,但恐怖主义、局部动荡、宗教和民族的冲突,各类突发事件不断发生.近年来,随着我国综合国力的提高,各种中国威胁论的论调不绝于耳,对中国存在着防范、猜忌等复杂的心理,对我国企业"走出去"形成了阻力.因此推动企业"走出去",在当前要处理好3个方面关系.     

我国与“一带一路”沿线国家避免双重征税协定对比北大核心CSSCI

"一带一路"战略带动了我国企业"走出去"的浪潮,但我国企业在"走出去"的过程中,由于海外投资经验不足,面临着很多涉税风险。本文通过对比我国与"一带一路"沿线国家签署的54个避免双重征税协定,分析了其异质性对"走出去"企业的影响,并提出了助力我国企业"走出去"的若干建议。     

鼓励企业“走出去”与改革我国避免双重征税方法

鼓励企业到海外投资(即所谓"走出去"),已是当前我国一项战略性的经济决策。党的十八届三中全会的决定指出:"适应经济全球化新形势,必须推动对内对外开放相互促进、引进来和走出去更好结合";要"扩大企业及个人对外投资。"清除企业"走出去"的税收障碍是鼓励企业扩大对外投资的重要措施。我国现行的税收抵免制度与"走出去"企业的客观需求不相吻合,已经阻碍了企业加大"走出去"的步伐,亟待国家出台相应的改革措施。而最彻底的改革就是顺应国际趋势,放弃境外税收抵免法,转而实行免税法。     

完善“走出去”企业税收征管与服务的建议

近年来,在"走出去"战略的大背景下,我国企业对外投资发展迅速,对税务机关的征管与服务能力提出了挑战。本文分析我国"走出去"企业在税收征管与服务中存在的问题,梳理国际上针对"走出去"企业征管和服务的做法,最后从管理信息化、规范化、专业化以及服务常态化4个方面提出了完善我国"走出去"企业税收征管和服务的建议。     

中资银行海外并购的实践与思考

一、中资银行海外并购的时代背景 (一)中国企业掀起"走出去"浪潮.加入世界贸易组织以后,我国经济加速与世界经济融为一体,对外贸易和投资高速增长.在这一背景下,国内企业也加快了"走出去"的步伐,大量优质企业纷纷将跨国经营纳入战略视野,并积极付诸行动.中国企业的"走出去"浪潮,客观上要求中资银行加快国际化步伐,提供相应的金融服务支持.     

对我国中小企业"走出去"的思考

中小企业"走出去"是自身谋求更大发展的需要,当前国内国际经济形势又提供了良好的机遇.因此.我国中小企业"走出去"具有必然性和可能性.中小企业实施"走出去"战略,关键是培养企业的核心竞争力,在国际分工体系中找到最佳的融入点.     

中国企业"走出去"的模式和捷径

随着WTO的加入以及经济的区域化和全球化的快速发展,中国的企业将进一步参与全球竞争,实施"走出去"的战略.实施"走出去"战略过程中,现阶段中国企业"走出去"应采取的战略--利用华商网络,但应注意以下几个问题:要注意选择好项目;要配备好班子;要选择好伙伴;要建立好信誉;要充分利用"华商网络".     

论人民币对内贬值对外升值环境下鼓励企业“走出去”

本文立足于人民币对内贬值对外升值的环境,对我国企业"走出去"的现状和新环境中被赋予的新任务进行了分析,结合当前我国经济现状,对鼓励企业"走出去"提出了新的政策建议,以期有益于我国企业"走出去"。     

关于做好河南省“走出去”企业金融服务的思考

随着中国改革开放的持续推进,中国企业的全球竞争力也不断提升,开拓海外市场的力度不断加大。2014年上半年,国务院、人民银行相继出台支持外贸稳定增长的相关意见,其中专门指出金融机构要为企业"走出去"提供全方位金融服务。本文结合河南省企业走出去现状,认为工商银行应积极发挥"信息中介"和"金融中介"两大功能优势,为"走出去"中资企业保驾护航,并针对性地提出了更好地服务企业走出去的相关建议。     

Trade credit and credit rationing

Asymmetric information between banks and firms can precludefinancing of valuable projects. Trade credit can alleviate thisproblem by incorporating the lending relation the private informationheld by suppliers about their customers. Incentive compatibilityconditions prevent collusion between two of the agents (e.g.,the buyer and the seller) against the third (e.g., the bank).Consistent with the empirical findings of Petersen and Rajan(1995), firms without relationships with banks resort more totrade credit, and sellers with greater ability to generate cashflows provide more trade credit. Finally small firms react tomonetary contractions by using trade credit, consistent withthe empirical results of Nilsen (1994).     

Do credit commitments compromise credit quality?

This paper focuses on banks’ risk-taking arising from potentially excessive growth of loans and off-balance sheet credit commitments. Credit quality is investigated both in macro and micro context, using a panel of 28 European countries over 2004–2014 and a panel of 478 European banks over 2004–2013. The dynamic panel data estimation results confirm that an increase in the ratio of credit commitments to total assets is a two year ahead warning indicator of growth in the ratio of non-performing loans and loan loss reserves. Simultaneous equation estimation exemplifies that the adverse effect of credit commitments on credit quality stems from the credit boom-bust context. As the economic impact of credit commitments to credit quality is significant compared to that of traditional credit quality determinants (real GDP growth and real growth in loans), the consideration of a credit commitments measure may improve timely recognition of credit risk accumulation episodes.     

On the nature of credit demand and credit rationing in competitive credit markets

Conventional analyses of the credit rationing problem seek to explain that problem within the context of classic demand analysis. In this paper we demonstrate that it is generally inappropriate to apply the notion of classic demand to credit markets, consequently, conventional notions of credit rationing must be rejected. In providing a new definition of credit rationing we also establish the previously rejected characterized by credit rationing.     

Counter-cyclical substitution between trade credit and bank credit

This paper explores the substitution relationship between trade credit and bank credit, and its counter-cyclic dynamic pattern through economic cycles. We propose a new theoretical model, using a mechanism design method, which predicts the substitution between the two credits and its counter-cyclic behavior, subject to the condition of technological efficiency not less than one. This model also helps explain the somewhat contradictory evidence in the literature, on the relationship between the two credits. We present empirical evidence on the substitution effect and its counter-cyclic behavior, by using a balanced panel data set of 284 listed Chinese companies for the period 1998-2006. We further find that the substitution behaves counter-cyclically with respect to the coincident macroeconomic indicator, namely, GDP. Our empirical analysis also has some new features such as treating endogeneity carefully and incorporating the lag-effect of trade credit coherently.     

Bilateral credit valuation adjustment for large credit derivatives portfolios

We obtain an explicit formula for the bilateral counterparty valuation adjustment of a credit default swaps portfolio referencing an asymptotically large number of entities. We perform the analysis under a doubly stochastic intensity framework, allowing default correlation through a common jump process. The key insight behind our approach is an explicit characterization of the portfolio exposure as the weak limit of measure-valued processes associated with survival indicators of portfolio names. We validate our theoretical predictions by means of a numerical analysis, showing that counterparty adjustments are highly sensitive to portfolio credit risk volatility as well as to the intensity of the common jump process.     

Counterparty credit risk and the credit default swap market

Counterparty credit risk has become one of the highest-profile risks facing participants in the financial markets. Despite this, relatively little is known about how counterparty credit risk is actually priced. We examine this issue using an extensive proprietary data set of contemporaneous CDS transaction prices and quotes by 14 different CDS dealers selling credit protection on the same underlying firm. This unique cross-sectional data set allows us to identify directly how dealers' credit risk affects the prices of these controversial credit derivatives. We find that counterparty credit risk is priced in the CDS market. The magnitude of the effect, however, is vanishingly small and is consistent with a market structure in which participants require collateralization of swap liabilities by counterparties.     

Exploring the components of credit risk in credit default swaps

In this paper, we test the influence of various fundamental variables on the pricing of credit default swaps. The theoretical determinants that are important for pricing credit default swaps include the risk-free rate, industry sector, credit rating, and liquidity factors. We suggest a linear regression model containing these different variables, especially focusing on liquidity factors. Unlike bond spreads which have been shown to be inversely related to liquidity (i.e., the greater the liquidity, the lower the spread), there is no a priori reason that the credit default swap spread should exhibit the same relationship. This is due to the economic characteristics of a credit default swap compared to a bond. Our empirical result shows that all the fundamental variables investigated have a significant effect on the credit default swap spread. Moreover, our findings suggest that credit default swaps that trade with greater liquidity have a wider credit default swap spread.     

Sovereign credit spreads

The paper develops a structural credit risk model to study sovereign credit risk and the dynamics of sovereign credit spreads. The model features endogenous default and recovery rates that both depend on the interaction between domestic output fluctuations and global macroeconomic conditions. We show that sovereigns choose to default at higher levels of economic output once global macroeconomic conditions are bad. This yields to default rates and credit spreads that are substantially higher compared to normal times. We derive closed-form expressions for sovereign debt values and default times and focus on the dynamics of sovereign credit spreads. As opposed to standard theories of sovereign debt, this paper’s structural model generates much richer default patterns and non-linearities through regime-shifts in the global macroeconomic environment. Moreover, changes in the global environment reveal the interconnectedness of the financial system.     

Politicizing consumer credit

Powerful politicians can interfere with the enforcement of regulations. As such, expected political interference can affect constituents’ behavior. Using rotations of Senate committee chairs to identify variation in political power and expected regulatory relief, we study powerful politicians’ effect on consumer lending to communities protected by fair-lending regulations. We find a 7.5% reduction in credit access to minority neighborhoods in states with new committee chairs. Larger reductions occur in Community Reinvestment Act-eligible neighborhoods and when Senators serve on committees that oversee the enforcement of fair-lending laws. Banks headquartered in powerful Senators’ states are responsible for the reduction in credit access.