就业、资本形成对中国经济增长作用的实证分析

文章根据1952-2006年的样本数据,利用单位根检验、协整检验和误差修正模型(ECM),判定了我国国内生产总值(GDP)和资本形成总额、就业人口总数的时间序列均是带有一阶差分的趋势平稳过程,证实了我国经济增长与资本形成、就业人口之间存在着同期协整关系;并利用误差修正模型以及动态相关系数研究了中国经济增长和资本形成、从业人员间的动态相关性。文章在此分析基础上得出了主要结论,并提出相应的政策建议。     

中国货币需求的实证研究

货币需求对货币政策的具体实施至关重要.用协整检验方法对中国1979～2003年间的长期货币需求进行检验,检验结果说明M1实际余额与实际GDP和1年期存款利率存在同积关系,M2与实际GDP和1年期存款利率以及通货膨胀率存在同积关系,这表明实际货币余额与实际GDP,利率或通货膨胀率之间存在长期稳定关系.用误差纠正模型对M1和M2的短期货币需求函数进行估计,表明在短期狭义货币的变化对收入的短期波动、上期通货膨胀率、上期货币需求的短期波动和ECM敏感,而广义货币需求的波动在短期仅受收入的短期波动和通货膨胀率的影响.     

就业、资本形成对中国经济增长作用的实证分析

文章根据1952-2006年的样本数据,科用单位根检验、协整检验和误差修正模型(ECM),判定了我国国内生产总值(GDP)和资本形成总额、就业人口总数的时间序列均是带有一阶差分的趋势平稳过程,证实了我国经济增长与资本形成、就业人口之同存在着同期协整关系;并利用误差修正模型以及动态相关系数研究了中国经济增长和资本形成、从业人员间的动态相关民生.文章在此分析基础上得出了主要结论,并提出相应的政策建议.     

转型时期我国货币需求的协整分析

本文以经济转型和金融改革为背景,从传统货币需求函数分析出发,运用协整检验和 ECM模型对我国 1994-2005年阶段性货币需求的稳定性问题展开研究.分析结果显示,货币需求、国民收入、利率和通货膨胀率之间存在协整关系,由于不完全利率市场化和金融管制的存在,货币需求函数表现出高收入弹性和低利率弹性.而短期货币需求函数并不稳定,根据短期货币需求函数很难准确预测货币增长率的变化,在这种情况下,选择货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标增加了货币政策操作的难度和风险.基于 ECM模型的短期 Granger因果检验,支持利率和货币政策最终目标之间短期均衡关系的存在.     

中国信用规模与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于1986～2004年的协整分析

本文以中国经济改革和金融发展为背景,运用协整检验和误差纠正模型对中国信用规模与经济增长的长期稳定关系进行研究.协整分析结果表明,GDP与信用总规模之间存在协整关系,信用总规模对经济增长的拉动作用明显;GDP与金融信用、企业信用和政府信用规模之间同样存在协整关系,GDP与金融信用和企业信用规模有较强的正向关系,但是GDP与政府信用规模之间存在负向关系.此外,误差纠正模型结果表明,校正作用较为明显.     

我国货币供应量与国内生产总值关系的实证研究

利用我国1992年第1季度～2006年第3季度的数据,通过Granger因果关系检验、Wald系数检验和HP滤波分析,检验了货币供应量(M2)争国内生产总值(GDP)之间的协整关系.研究发现:M2和GDP之间存在长期稳定的协整关系,且M2与GDP之间的关系显著正相关.通过实证分析表明:我国货币政策对宏观经济的短期调控效果不明显,我国货币供应量具有明显的内生性.     

中国货币需求函数的协整分析

本文从目前中国货币需求现状出发，修正了1978年以来中国的货币需求函数，并运用协整分析对相关变量的年度数据（1978-2004）进行实证分析，得出以下结论：在长期内，实际M1余额、实际GDP、一年期定期存款利率和货币化进程指数间存在协整关系；实际M2余额、实际GDP、商品零售物价指数和货币化指数间存在协整关系。在短期货币函数中对货币需求的主要影响因素包括实际GDP和货币化进程．实际M1向均衡水平调整的速度要大于实际M2的调整速度，另外，短期货币需求函数不稳定。     

中央银行资产规模与GDP的关系——基于VAR模型的实证研究

本文利用2003年1月-2010年6月之间的季度数据,在VAR模型的基础上建立协整方程,运用格兰杰因果检验以及脉冲响应和方差分解的方法,全面研究央行总资产与GDP之间的关系。结果表明：外汇资产、对政府债权与其他资产、对金融机构债权与GDP之间存在长期的协整关系;短期对金融机构债权拉动GDP的效果较大,但外汇资产对我国GDP的长期拉动作用最为明显;对政府债权与其他资产在短期和长期对总产出的拉动作用都相对有限。     

湖北省房地产投资与GDP的协整关系分析

本文运用协整检验、误差修正模型及Granger因果关系检验对湖北省房地产投资和GDP之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明:(1)房地产投资与GDP之间存在长期的协整关系;(2)房地产投资的短期波动对GDP有显著的正影响;(3)在短时期内,随着置信水平的提高,两者之间由单向因果关系变为双向因果关系,但长期内,两者不具有因果关系。     

我国银行信贷与产业结构变动关系的实证研究

本文运用多变量vAR模型、协整检验、Granger因果检验等计量方法.对中国1979-2008年银行信贷的规模、效率与产业结构变动之间的关系进行了实证研究,研究结果表明:我国银行信贷规模、效率与第一、第二产业变动之间存在着长期的协整关系;银行信贷规模与效率是第一、第二产业变动的原因;银行信贷规模、效率与第三产业变动之间不存在协整关系.     

The determinants of venture capital funding: evidence across countries

This paper analyses the determinants of venture capital for a sample of 21 countries. In particular, we consider the importance of initial public offerings (IPOs), gross domestic product (GDP) and market capitalization growth, labor market rigidities, accounting standards, private pension funds, and government programs. We find that IPOs are the strongest driver of venture capital investing. Private pension fund levels are a significant determinant over time but not across countries. Surprisingly, GDP and market capitalization growth are not significant. Government policies can have a strong impact, both by setting the regulatory stage, and by galvanizing investment during downturns. Finally, we also show that different types of venture capital financing are affected differently by these factors. In particular, early stage venture capital investing is negatively impacted by labor market rigidities, while later stage is not. IPOs have no effect on early stage venture capital investing across countries, but are a significant determinant of later stage venture capital investing across countries. Finally, government funded venture capital has different sensitivities to the determinants of venture capital than non-government funded venture capital. Our insights emphasize the need for a more differentiated approach to venture capital, both from a research as well as from a policy perspective. We feel that while later stage venture capital investing is well understood, early stage and government funded investments still require more extensive research.     

Measuring and Explaining the Impact of Productive Efficiency on Economic Development

A limitation of most empirical cross-country studies that focuson determinants of GDP or GDP growth is that they fail to distinguishexplicitly between inputs used in production and conditionsthat facilitate production. For example, physical capital, humancapital, and labor are production inputs, whereas the qualityof institutions, macroeconomic stability, and market qualityare conditions that facilitate production. This article takesthis distinction seriously and uses a stochastic frontier approachto study factors affecting economic performance. A panel dataset of 71 countries for the 1980–98 period is used toestimate a production frontier with physical capital, humancapital, and labor as inputs. The article also analyzes whatdrives productive efficiency, using the institutional framework,macroeconomic stability, market quality, and urbanization aspossible explanatory factors. Urbanization turns out to be animportant determinant, with the rule of law, inflation rate,and market quality also affecting productive efficiency.     

Further results on the macroeconomic effects of AIDS: the dualistic, labor-surplus economy.

Analyses by Cuddington in 1993 and forthcoming work from Cuddington and Hancock model the macroeconomic effects of the AIDS epidemic using a modified Solow growth model. This single-sector framework rests upon the assumption that labor and capital are always efficiently allocated throughout the economy with neither market failures nor policy-induced distortions resulting in resource misallocation. Economies in low-income developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, however, are not operating at capacity. Impact models based upon the potential growth path of economies will therefore significantly overstate the effect of an AIDS epidemic. The author thus incorporates the presence of underemployment and dual labor markets to redress the limitations of these earlier impact models. The dual-economy simulations of the economic impact of AIDS using Tanzanian data suggest that the macroeconomic consequences of the epidemic are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained using a single-sector, full-employment model: gross domestic product (GDP) is 15-25% smaller by 2010 than it would have been without AIDS, and per capita GDP is 0-10% smaller. Output lost from AIDS in the dual-economy framework is approximately the same as the output gain achievable through policies designed to increase labor market flexibility. Findings suggest that serious economic reform in economies fraught with AIDS may lessen the negative economic effects of the epidemic.     

政府内源融资:增税的经济约束

政府通过增加税收的内源融资受到经济增长的约束表现为总量和结构两方面。实证结果表明 ,中国近 5年税收的快速增长中政府增税融资比重在 2 5 %——— 5 4 %之间。增税使宏观税负增加不超过2 2 .9% ,宏观税负与政府支出占GDP比重相差不超过 3个百分点为宜 ;增税应以消费支出税类为主 ,资本收入税类、劳动所得税类的增税空间很小。     

Aid for trade, infrastructure, and growth

Aid for trade is a new foreign aid initiative to assist recipient countries to build trade-related infrastructure. We formulate a small-country, two-good (i.e., investment and consumption goods), two-factor (i.e., capital and labor) endogenous growth model with learning by doing and intersectoral knowledge spillovers, where the import transport cost depends inversely on public infrastructure. Focusing on the case where the country is incompletely specialized and imports the investment good, we show that a permanent increase in the recipient’s aid/GDP ratio raises the steady-state growth rate if and only if the investment good is more labor-intensive.     

Human capital and optimal positive taxation of capital income

This paper analyzes optimal linear and non-linear taxes on capital and labor incomes in a life-cycle model of human capital investment, financial savings, and labor supply with heterogenous individuals. A dual income tax with a positive marginal tax rate on not only labor income but also capital income is optimal. The positive tax on capital income serves to alleviate the distortions of the labor tax on human capital accumulation. The optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is lower than that on labor income if savings are elastic compared to investment in human capital, substitution between verifiable and non-verifiable inputs in human capital formation is difficult, and most investments in human capital are verifiable so that education subsidies can directly reduce the tax wedge on learning. Numerical calculations suggest that the optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is substantial.     

The future of social security

We analyze the effect of the projected demographic transition on the political support for social security, and equilibrium outcomes. Embedding a probabilistic-voting setup of electoral competition in the standard OLG model with capital accumulation, we find that intergenerational transfers arise in the absence of altruism, commitment, or trigger strategies. Closed-form solutions predict population ageing to lead to higher social security tax rates, a rising share of pensions in GDP, but eventually lower social security benefits per retiree. The response of equilibrium tax rates to demographic shocks reduces old-age consumption risk. Calibrated to match features of the U.S. economy, the model suggests that, in response to the projected demographic transition, social security tax rates will gradually increase to 16%. Other policies that distort labor supply will become less important; labor supply therefore will rise, in contrast with frequently voiced fears.     

中国资本产出、资本回报与资本流向之谜--基于劳动力价格扭曲视角北大核心

本文通过建立生产部门的要素买方垄断市场均衡模型,利用1996-2016年中国省级面板数据测算中国劳动力价格扭曲程度,并使用固定效应模型(FE)及面板固定效应的工具变量(IV)估计方法加以分析,从劳动力价格扭曲视角解答了中国资本产出、资本回报与资本流向之谜,即中国经济如何在赶超阶段面临资本深化不断加剧和TFP增长乏力的情况下,依靠劳动力价格扭曲实现低资本产出与高资本回报水平共存,从而维持长期高速资本积累以及优质的资本流向结构。实证研究表明:劳动力价格扭曲降低了资本产出效率,但这并不能掩盖由劳动力向资本方转移的垄断利润对资本回报的直接补贴,因此劳动力价格扭曲对中国维持高资本回报水平起到了重要的支撑作用,并通过高资本回报水平实现了地区资本快速积累,劳动力价格扭曲对资本流向的积极作用还体现在抑制资本"脱实向虚"及吸引外资流入。因此,应正视劳动力价格扭曲在赶超阶段的特殊作用,在矫正扭曲的过程中循序渐进,更积极采取措施规避其对资本回报和资本流向可能产生的不利影响。     

On the Long Run Effects of Public Capital and Disaggregated Public Capital on Aggregate Output

We study the cointegration properties of data on aggregate output, five proxies for labor, two proxies for private capital, public capital, and disaggregated public capital for the United States for 1948–1993. We find evidence of multiple cointegrating vectors; we typically find three or four cointegrating vectors depending on which combination of proxies is evaluated. When public capital is disaggregated by type there is less evidence for cointegration. Finally, innovations in public capital have long lasting effects on output, labor, and private capital, and innovations to output, labor, and private capital also have long lasting effects on public capital.     

On taxing capital income with income shifting

We examine a linear capital income tax and a nonlinear labor income tax in a two-type model where individuals live for two periods. We assume that taxes are paid only in the second period in which the agents receive both labor and capital income and may shift income from labor to capital. The two types of individuals may differ with respect to wage rate and initial resource endowments. In the absence of income shifting, endowment variation motivates a capital income tax which would not exist where there is pure wage rate variation. In the latter circumstance, income shifting would indeed establish a case for a capital income tax while adding variation in resource endowments would ambiguously affect the case. The asymmetric information case for a capital income tax must be traded off against distortionary effects not only on savings, but also on labor as an agent may earn labor income which is reported and taxed as capital income.