中国期货价格的时变跳跃性及对现货价格影响的研究

期货价格受到异常消息的影响会发生跳跃行为,本文通过构建ARMAJI-GARCH模型刻画了我国金属期货的自相关性、条件异方差性以及动态跳跃性,并分析其跳跃行为对现货市场的影响。经研究表明,期货价格具有时变跳跃特征,铜期货的跳跃强度受到滞后一期跳跃强度的显著影响,铝期货的跳跃强度不仅受到自身滞后的影响,还受到跳跃强度残差的影响;当期和滞后一期的期货跳跃强度均对现货的收益率和波动性形成影响,期货价格的跳跃行为起到价格发现的作用。     

Limits to arbitrage and hedging: Evidence from commodity markets

We build an equilibrium model of commodity markets in which speculators are capital constrained, and commodity producers have hedging demands for commodity futures. Increases in producers' hedging demand or speculators' capital constraints increase hedging costs via price-pressure on futures. These in turn affect producers' equilibrium hedging and supply decision inducing a link between a financial friction in the futures market and the commodity spot prices. Consistent with the model, measures of producers' propensity to hedge forecasts futures returns and spot prices in oil and gas market data from 1979 to 2010. The component of the commodity futures risk premium associated with producer hedging demand rises when speculative activity reduces. We conclude that limits to financial arbitrage generate limits to hedging by producers, and affect equilibrium commodity supply and prices.     

Alternative settlement methods and Australian individual share futures contracts

Individual share futures contracts have been introduced in Australia since 1994. Initially, the contracts were settled in cash. In 1996, cash settlement was gradually replaced by physical delivery. This study investigates the effects of the settlement method change on Australian individual stock and its futures markets. Specifically, we examine whether return and volatility of each market, correlation between the two markets, basis behavior, and hedging performance of futures markets differ across cash settlement period and physical delivery period. We find that, after the switch from cash settlement to physical delivery, the futures market, the spot market, and the basis all become more volatile. However, each individual share futures contract becomes a more effective hedging instrument. The improvement in hedging effectiveness is particularly impressive for the most recently established individual share futures contracts.     

Cojumping: Evidence from the US Treasury bond and futures markets

The basis between spot and future prices will be affected by jump behavior in each asset price, challenging intraday hedging strategies. Using formal cojumping tests this paper considers the cojumping behavior of spot and futures prices in high frequency US Treasury data. Cojumping occurs most frequently at shorter maturities and higher sampling frequencies. We find that the probability of cojumping is altered by the presence of an anticipated macroeconomic news announcement. The probability of cojumping is particularly affected by news surprises in non-farm payrolls, CPI, GDP and retail sales. However, the two cojumping tests are also more likely to provide contradictory results in the presence of surprises in non-farm payrolls. On these occasions the market does not clearly signal its short term pricing behavior.     

Can modeling the natural gas futures market as a threshold cointegrated system improve hedging and forecasting performance?

The calculation of the hedge ratio, and therefore the effectiveness of the hedge, is dependent upon the correct specification of the relationship between the futures and spot price. Likewise, a forecast of the future spot or futures price is dependent upon the model specification. This article investigates the appropriateness of using a threshold cointegrated model of the natural gas markets as the basis for hedging and forecasting. The findings suggest that the threshold model is more appropriate for longer contract length and that the threshold model does not offer much improvement in hedging or forecasting efficiency.     

The Relative Effectiveness of Spot and Derivatives‐Based Intervention

This paper studies the relative effectiveness of foreign exchange intervention in spot and derivatives markets. We use Brazilian data where spot and nondeliverable futures intervention have been used in tandem for more than a decade. The analysis finds evidence of a link between both modes of intervention and the exchange rate. In line with theory, the impact of spot intervention is strikingly similar to that of futures intervention when convertibility risk is limited. We show that both types of interventions also affect the level and the price of hedging risk in the foreign exchange market.     

Returns and volatilities of energy futures markets: Roles of speculative and hedging sentiments

This study examines how speculative and hedging sentiments influence the returns and volatilities of energy futures markets. We construct speculative and hedging sentiment indices based on the weekly data of fund and commercial positions of four energy futures: crude oil, heating oil, gasoline, and natural gas, traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) from 15 January 2013 to 5 February 2019. Our study demonstrates that speculative sentiment generates greater market fluctuations in the energy futures markets than hedging sentiment; and, further, speculative sentiment stimulates a reversal effect on the returns of crude oil futures. Moreover, speculative sentiment exerts positive systemic risk compensation on the four futures' returns, whereas hedging sentiment alleviates volatilities in the energy futures markets. Most notably, distinguishing it from the leverage effect in stock markets, the speculative sentiment in the energy futures markets is influenced more by good than by bad news; while hedging sentiment exhibits emotional neutrality, as opposed to its impact on stock markets as reported in the literature. Additionally, the positive hedging sentiment in crude oil futures demonstrates significant systemic risk compensation, whereas the three other futures do not have an influence, confirming the prevalence of speculation in hedging transactions in crude oil futures. Our further analysis shows cross-market volatility spillover effects, among which speculative sentiment inherent in crude oil futures causes volatility spillovers to the three other futures, while hedging sentiment has no such effect. Our study has implications for overseeing international energy futures markets, providing regulators with evidence that will facilitate the development of effective strategies to strengthen market supervision.     

Cross-commodity hedging for illiquid futures: Evidence from China's base metal futures market

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of cross-commodity hedging between China's base metal spot and futures markets, using daily data of metal spot and futures prices in the Shanghai Futures Exchange. The main findings suggest that, compared to unhedged spot portfolios, a naïve hedge increases risk exposure, while static and dynamic hedges can significantly reduce the risk of holding spot assets. Zinc futures and nickel futures outperform other base metal futures in individually hedging lead spot and tin spot respectively, while copper futures constitute a moderately optimal instrument to hedge both lead and tin spot assets.     

Asymmetric effect of basis on dynamic futures hedging: Empirical evidence from commodity markets

The dynamic minimum variance hedge ratios (MVHRs) have been commonly estimated using the Bivariate GARCH model that overlooks the basis effect on the time-varying variance–covariance of spot and futures returns. This paper proposes an alternative specification of the BGARCH model in which the effect is incorporated for estimating MVHRs. Empirical investigation in commodity markets suggests that the basis effect is asymmetric, i.e., the positive basis has greater impact than the negative basis on the variance and covariance structure. Both in-sample and out-of-sample comparisons of the MVHR performance reveal that the model with the asymmetric effect provides greater risk reduction than the conventional models, illustrating importance of the asymmetric effect when modeling the joint dynamics of spot and futures returns and hence estimating hedging strategies.     

Realized volatility spillovers between US spot and futures during ECB news: Evidence from the European sovereign debt crisis

We study the simultaneity impact of the European Central Bank news on the daily realized volatility transmission mechanism (spillovers) among various US spot and futures markets. To this end, we apply a bias-corrected vector autoregressive model via Wild bootstrap simulation. We use minute-by-minute intraday data to construct daily realized volatility. We consider 429 news form the ECB as important events employing two major classifications, namely, a country classification with the highest total number of days related ECB news and a type of ECB news classification. We find that investors in futures markets react more vigorously and mainly for the ECB news that is associated with the group of EMU member states applied structural reforms. Yet, more importantly, we show that the US stock markets response heterogeneously to the ECB news, as we find key disagreements in the reactions both across the US markets and the types of ECB news studied. Such evidence is consistent with the explanation of the differential interpretation of information among market participants. From a practical point of view, we suggest that investors in the US spot market can effectively use two or more futures contracts to minimize their exposure to volatility risk associated with that news.     

CBDC uncertainty: Financial market implications

The current state of the art in the central bank digital currency (CBDC) literature views indexes constructed from digital currency news to be fully informed about CBDC uncertainty and its impact on the financial system. We argue that the hedging behavior of participants in the currency futures market could be more informative than CBDC uncertainty news in the presence of limited risk absorption capacity in futures markets. We show that the hedging factor has a statistically significant effect on financial market risk aversion and measures of uncertainty. The hedging behavior of currency futures market participants is informative of agents' reactions to the news and central bank policies around CBDC. Our results also show that CBDC uncertainty is a significant risk transmitter in the financial system. Hence, this characteristic makes the hedging factor even more important because it can directly impact risk aversion via its moderating effects, which later influence CBDC uncertainty.     

Optimal portfolio choice of gold assets in the differential market and differential game structures

Portfolio choices of gold-related assets for market investors and dealers may not only depend on price differences and the inflation rate, but may also react to the market participants’ strategic behavior and risk attitude. This study develops a two-agent stochastic differential game model to solve the portfolio choice problem of the asset allocations of gold spot, futures, and cash for market participators who are exposed to inflation risks. The equilibrium prices of spot and futures driven by the volatility rate and co-variances that reflect various risk sources are also determined. Specifically, regarding the choice of hedging tools, market participators may prefer gold spot to futures for the purpose of hedging inflation risk. By capturing the stylistic facts of differential market and multiple agent structures, the article can develop a more reasonable and practical model to usefully explain the gold portfolio choices and pricing in the gold markets.     

The bivariate GARCH approach to investigating the relation between stock returns,trading volume,and return volatility

We use a bivariate GJR-GARCH model to investigate simultaneously the contemporaneous and causal relations between trading volume and stock returns and the causal relation between trading volume and return volatility in a one-step estimation procedure, which leads to the more efficient estimates and is more consistent with finance theory. We apply our approach to ten Asian stock markets: Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Our major findings are as follows. First, the contemporaneous relation between stock returns and trading volume and the causal relation from stock returns and trading volume are significant and robust across all sample stock markets. Second, there is a positive bi-directional causality between stock returns and trading volume in Taiwan and China and that between trading volume and return volatility in Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Third, there exists a positive contemporaneous relation between trading volume and return volatility in Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, China, Indonesia, and Thailand, but a negative one in Japan and Taiwan. Fourth, we find a significant asymmetric effect on return and volume volatilities in all sample countries and in Korea and Thailand, respectively.     

News announcements and price discovery in foreign exchange spot and futures markets

This paper studies competition in price discovery between spot and futures rates for the EUR–USD and JPY–USD markets around scheduled macroeconomic announcements. Using both the information shares approach and the common factor component weight approach for futures prices from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), as well as deal prices from spot trading on the Electronic Broking Services (EBS), we gauge how foreign exchange spot and futures markets respond to news surprises. The results show that the spot rates provide more price discovery than do the CME futures rates overall; however, the contribution of the futures rates to price discovery increases in the time surrounding macroeconomic announcement releases.     

The Impact of the U.S. and the Japanese Equity Markets on the Emerging Asia-Pacific Equity Markets

Using a tri-variate vector autoregression model, we study the relationships between the four Asian emerging equity markets: Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, and the two largest equity markets in the world: U.S. and Japan. We find that while most of the unexpected variations in stock returns in these Asian emerging markets is explained by domestic own shocks, the impacts from the U.S. and Japan are larger in Hong Kong and Singapore than in Korea and Taiwan. This foreign effect is pronounced after the Crash of the October 1987, especially in Singapore. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hedging with Chinese metal futures

This paper evaluates different hedging strategies for aluminum and copper futures contracts traded at Shanghai Futures Exchange. In addition to usual candidates such as the traditional regression hedge ratio and the hedging strategy constructed from bivariate fractionally integrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (BFIGARCH) model, two advanced specifications are proposed to account for impacts of the basis on market volatility and co-movements between spot and futures returns. Empirical results suggest that the basis has asymmetric effects and optimal hedging strategy constructed from the asymmetric BFIGARCH model tends to produce the best in-sample and out-of-sample hedging performance.     

新华富时A50股指期货与我国A股市场价格间关系：基于高频数据的研究

利用五分钟高频数据,本文对在新加坡交易所上市的新华富时A50股指期货与我国沪深300股指现货和期货之间的价格变化关系进行了实证分析。主要结果显示：从目前看,国内的沪深300指数现货和期货市场在价格发现和信息传递方面居于主导地位。A50股指期货价格的变动对国内股指现货和期货市场价格的变动并不存在显著的领先和引导作用。     

Optimal futures hedging under jump switching dynamics

The article develops a Markov regime switching Generalized Orthogonal GARCH model with conditional jump dynamics (JSGO) for optimal futures hedging. To the author's knowledge, there is no existing study on dynamic futures hedging investigating both the effects of regime switching and conditional jumps. This might be the fact that there is no existing hedging model encompassing both of these features. The JSGO solves this problem by introducing a jump switching filtering algorithm to infer ex post both the distributions of jumps and state variables and a recombining procedure to solve the path-dependency problem. To justify the usefulness of the JSGO on dynamic futures hedging, hedging exercises are performed using FTSE 100 futures data traded in the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE). JSGO exhibits good out-of-sample performance compared to its jump-free and state-independent counterparts in terms of both criteria of variance reductions and utility improvements.     

大陆与台湾股指期货价格发现功能比较研究

本文利用日内15分钟交易数据,对大陆与台湾股指期货的价格发现功能进行了比较,发现沪深300股指期货和现货间存在双向价格引导关系,但在信息传导效率上,期货领先现货,对台湾市场而言,仅存在期货对现货的单向引导关系;期货市场在长期价格发现功能中占主导地位,但台指期货的主导作用要强于沪深300股指期货。文章从投资者结构、合约设计、交易制度等影响因素分析了两岸股指期货价格发现功能的差异,并提出改善大陆股指期货价格发现功能的建议。     

Swap variance hedging and efficiency: The role of high moments

In this article, we propose a new theoretical approach for developing hedging strategies based on swap variance (SwV). SwV is a generalized risk measure equivalent to a polynomial combination of all moments of a return distribution. Using the S&P 500 index and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil spot and futures price data, as well as simulations by varying the distribution of asset returns, we investigate the dynamic differences between hedge ratios and portfolio performances based on SwV (with high moments) and variance (without high moments). We find that, on average, the minimizing-SwV hedging suggests more short futures contracts than minimizing-variance hedging; however, when market conditions deteriorate, the minimizing-SwV hedging suggests fewer short positions in futures. The superior posthedge performances of the mean-SwV hedged portfolios over the mean-variance hedged portfolios in highly volatile or extremely calm markets confirm the efficiency of the mean-SwV hedging strategy.