欠发达地区小额支付系统处理业务种类现状及问题

小额支付系统是我国现代化支付体系的重要组成部分，具有耦合性、高效性、安全性、通用性和前瞻性等特点，然而，受地理环境、社会环境、经济环境、政策环境及金融环境等因素影响，小额支付系统在欠发达地区推广运行并有效发挥其优势和作用的现状却不容乐观。     

海西地区小额支付系统推广中存在的问题及建议

人民银行建设小额支付系统旨在为社会提供低成本、大业务量、安全、高效的支付清算服务,它是一项便民、利民工程。由于海西地处欠发达地区,经济基础薄弱,小额支付系统推广运行还存在一些问题,系统功能作用尚未充分有效发挥,亟需开拓业务空间,加大系统运行力度。为此,笔者对海西地区金融机构小额支付系统业务发展情况进行了调查,并提出了相关建议。     

小额支付系统推广运行难点分析

针对小额支付系统在经济欠发达地区推广所面临的难点，人民银行湘西州中心支行课题组在湘西州吉首市展开了专题调查。     

边远地区小额支付系统业务发展现状的思考

小额支付系统是中国现代化支付体系的重要组成部分,具有高效、安全、适用性好等特点,为金融机构提供大业务量、低成本的支付清算服务,满足社会各种支付需要,加速社会资金清算、提高资金使用效益起到了重要作用。但小额支付系统在经济欠发达的边远地区使用率较低,其业务发展十分缓慢。我们就呼伦贝尔地区小额支付系统业务发展现状以及制约其发展因素进行分析。     

农牧区非现金支付工具使用情况分析——青海海南州个案

随着社会经济的发展，支付结算领域发生了重大变化，非现金支付结算工具得到广泛运用。但在经济欠发达地区特别是农牧区，受使用成本、信用环境、法律保障和公民素质等因素影响，非现金支付工具的使用推广存在诸多困难和问题。     

小额支付系统推广运行工作已经在11个省份成功上线

根据人行办公厅关于小额支付系统自3月底在江苏、湖北、重庆、河北、江西、新疆推广运行的通知，目前已经有福建、天津、北京、海南、甘肃、江苏、湖北、重庆、河北、江西、新疆等11个省份加入小额支付系统推广运行。推广省内各支付系统参与可与上述支付系统参与互通小额支付业务，并通过小额支付系统办理小额支付业务的查询查复。     

小额支付系统应用中的常见问题及几点建议

小额支付系统与大额支付系统是现代化支付系统的主体。在商业银行中，小额支付系统是在大额支付系统建设的同时启动的，目的在于为社会提供低成本的支付清算服务，实现不同银行营业网点的资源共享，具有业务处理金额小、业务笔数多等特点。中国人民银行小额支付系统已于今年3月下旬在湖北省正式上线运行，在实施、推广和应用过程中，笔者碰到了一些问题，现对常见的问题及解决方法进行归纳，并从中总结了一些经验体会。     

对小额支付系统定期借记业务推广难的实证研究

小额支付系统自2006年上线运行以来,作为其基础业务种类的定期借记业务远未被社会所接收,支付便利的功能也远未能被社会所享受。本文以南阳市为例进行实证调查研究,分析其在欠发达地区推广难的制约因素,提出自己的对策建议,以求对其资源的充分利用。     

支付清算系统运行风险防范及管理

包括大额支付系统、小额支付系统和支票影像交换系统等在内的支付结算系统是中央银行履行支付清算职能、改进金融服务的重要核心系统，是连接商品交易和社会经济活动的资金“大动脉”。从基层人民银行支付清算系统运行实践看，系统运行平稳，有力地促进了社会经济金融的发展，但支付清算系统运行过程中显现的风险也不容忽视，需要及时予以防范和管理。     

支付清算系统运行风险防范及管理

包括大额支付系统、小额支付系统和支票影像交换系统等在内的支付结算系统是中央银行履行支付清算职能、改进金融服务的重要核心系统．是连接商品交易和社会经济活动的资金“大动脉”。从基层人民银行支付清算系统运行实践看，系统运行平稳，有力地促进了社会经济金融的发展，但支付清算系统运行过程中显现的风险也不容忽视．需要及时予以防范和管理。     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.