商业银行贷款损失准备计提效率及其影响因素

本文采用随机前沿分析方法,分析2007~2013年中国A股上市商业银行贷款损失准备计提的相对效率,并探讨计提效率的影响因素。研究发现,贷款损失准备计提的技术非效率在中国商业银行中确实存在,国有银行与股份制银行的计提效率相近,但都高于城市商业银行;银行的规模、管理水平以及监管机构的监管行为对银行贷款损失准备的计提效率有显著的正面影响;同时银行贷款损失准备的计提效率也表现出一定的顺周期性。因此,为提高贷款损失准备计提效率,应全面提高银行自身管理水平,强化对银行贷款损失准备计提的监管,完善计提方法和动态拨备计提体系。     

中国商业银行通过贷款损失准备计提进行盈余平滑吗？

本文研究我国不同类型的商业银行计提贷款损失准备的影响因素及其盈余平滑行为。我们发现当期贷款损失准备的计提与下一期不良贷款的变动存在显著的正相关性,同时,贷款损失准备被用来作为盈余平滑的工具,城市商业银行和非上市银行的平滑盈余现象更为明显。对于非上市的城市商业银行,发行债券或发行总量越多,使用贷款损失准备进行盈余平滑的程度越大,而新会计准则的实施对商业银行使用贷款损失准备进行盈余平滑的行为没有显著影响。     

基于自由裁量贷款损失准备的经理自主权行为分析北大核心CSSCI

本文以中国16家上市商业银行为研究对象,以自由裁量贷款损失准备为经理自主权的代理变量,分析中国商业银行经理人员在计提贷款损失准备方面的自主权行为。实证结果表明存在使用自由裁量贷款损失准备调整资本充足率和盈余管理的行为,银行还使用其来缓解风险和融资压力;银行经理人员主观感知到的经济下行和监管压力对自由裁量贷款损失准备有显著影响,经理人员在感知到经济下行后会减少计提自由裁量贷款损失准备,这在一定程度上缓解了贷款损失准备计提的顺周期性。     

贷款损失准备、盈余管理与商业银行风险管控

本文探讨了贷款损失准备在商业银行风险管控中的作用,以及盈余管理行为对这种作用的有效性的影响。研究发现,贷款损失准备能够有效应对商业银行风险:在当期贷款质量保持不变的前提下,商业银行的贷款损失准备越多,其未来一期的个体风险和外溢风险就越低。而盈余管理行为则削弱了贷款损失准备的风险应对能力:商业银行受盈余管理行为影响而未足额提取的准备越多,其未来一期的个体风险和外溢风险就越高。本文的结论对于会计准则和监管规则的优化都具有一定的借鉴意义。     

我国上市银行贷款损失准备计提因素分析

文章以我国上市银行为研究对象,分析了我国上市银行贷款损失准备计提的现状.主要运用了财务分析,对各项重要指标进行了同类比较分析和趋势分析;计量分析中通过建回归模型,对我国贷款损失准备计提因素进行了研究分析.结果显示我国上市银行通过贷款减值准备进行盈余管理的现象并不明显.与一般上市公司资产减值准备的相关研究成果不同,银行在对资产进行减值时会更关注自身的风险控制能力以及经营的稳健性,盈利能力、资产运用能力属于次要的财务影响因素.     

贷款损失准备计提与商业银行经营风险相关性研究 ——基于经理自主权视角

贷款损失准备的计提作为商业银行调节会计利润的手段,是否对商业银行经营风险有影响,是一个值得探讨的问题。基于我国上市商业银行2007-2017年的数据为研究样本进行实证分析,研究结果表明：贷款损失准备对商业银行经营风险有正向信号传递作用。其中,基于经理自主权计提的自由裁量部分能缓释经营风险,非自由裁量部分对经营风险产生加速放大效应,从而证明了自由裁量贷款损失准备能增强银行风险承担能力,为商业银行经理人员和监管者合理规范计提准备金提供新思路。     

新会计准则对商业银行贷款损失准备的影响

与国际接轨的新会计准则的实施,给我国商业银行的贷款损失准备及其监管带来了很大影响。新会计准则对银行贷款损失准备监管的主要影响有:(1)新会计准则关于贷款损失准备的规定与监管审慎性要求相矛盾;(2)新会计准则规定的贷款损失准备计提方法与监管要求的贷款损失准备计提方法有分歧。新会计准则对商业银行的贷款损失准备的影响主要有:(1)降低了商业银行利用贷款损失准备操纵利润的可能性;(2)使得贷款损失准备具有更大的波动性;(3)引入时间价值,可能导致准备水平的提高;(4)可能导致利息收入和减值准备同步增加,并将影响各会计期间的利润发生一定程度的变化。本文对以上影响进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

我国商业银行贷款损失准备金管理的行为分析——基于前瞻性和后瞻性计提评估的视角

贷款损失准备可有效覆盖贷款损失,是影响商业银行资产计量和收益确认的重要因子,在防范和化解信用风险方面发挥着重要作用。本文选取13家商业银行2007-2011年的相关数据,通过建立面板数据模型进行实证分析,研究表明,现阶段我国商业银行贷款损失准备的计提不存在盈余管理、资本管理和信号释放动机,且是基于即期信息对计提作出判断,缺乏对未来信息进行前瞻性估计的逆周期管理思路。     

商业银行贷款损失准备计提的会计处理

在不确定性的作用下，商业银行贷款会面临风险.提取贷款损失准备，是商业银行应对风险的常见措施。由于产权制度的不同，我国商业银行在贷款损失准备计提的会计处理上没有遵循国际通行的做法，贷款损失准备金计提明显不足，利润虚增普遍而且严重，累积了较大的流动性风险.     

预期信用损失模型对银行资本计提的结构性影响研究——基于50家上市商业银行的实证分析

预期信用损失模型是一项新的贷款损失准备计提方法,对其经济后果的评估非常重要.关于预期信用损失模型的实施对我国商业银行资本计提的具体影响,目前还缺乏深入系统的研究.本文结合我国50家上市商业银行的公开数据,从监管资本、会计损益和资本计提前瞻性的角度分析了预期信用损失模型对我国商业银行资本计提的影响.研究结果表明:总体影响上,商业银行的贷款损失准备计提金额显著增加,利润波动增强,对资本充足率带来一定冲击;从不同特征商业银行看,小型商业银行、使用权重法商业银行、城市商业银行和H股上市商业银行受到的影响更为严重;从资本计提的前瞻性看,贷款损失准备的前瞻性得到加强,顺周期性效应得到一定程度缓解,但并不能完全消除.     

经济依赖度、盈余管理水平与审计独立性——来自上市商业银行的经验证据

以2001～2010年我国上市商业银行为研究对象,从盈余管理的角度,以异常贷款损失拨备作为审计独立性的代理变量,以未预期费用作为经济依赖的代理变量,验证了审计师在银行业的经济依赖对审计独立性的影响.研究结果表明,未预期审计费用、总费用和非审计费用率对异常贷款损失拨备没有显著影响,而未预期非审计费用则对异常贷款损失拨备具有显著的负向影响.总体而言,审计师在为上市商业银行提供业务过程中,过高的经济依赖,促使其接受了客户的盈余管理偏好,审计独立性受到损害.     

Loan Loss Provisions, Earnings Management and Capital Management under IFRS: The Case of EU Commercial Banks

Prior research has shown that loan loss provisions are primarily used as a tool for earnings management and capital management by listed banks. Effective 2005 all listed companies in the European Union (EU) are required to comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Adherence to IFRS, it is claimed, should enhance transparency of reporting practices relative to local General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The overall objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the implementation of IFRS on the use of loan loss provisions (LLPs) to manage earnings and capital. We use a sample of 91 EU listed commercial banks covering a period of 10 years (before and after implementation of IFRS). Since early adopters may have different incentives and motivations relative to those who adopt mandatorily, we dichotomize our sample into early and late adopters. Overall, we find that earnings management (using loan loss provisions) for both early and late adopters while significant over the estimation window is significantly reduced after implementation of IFRS. We also find that, for risky banks, earnings management behavior is more pronounced when compared to the less risky banks, but is significantly reduced in the post IFRS period. Capital management behavior by bank managers is not significant in both pre and post IFRS regimes. Overall, we conclude that the implementation of IFRS in the EU appears to have improved earnings quality by mitigating the tendency of bank managers of listed commercial banks to engage in earnings management using loan loss provisions.     

我国商业银行贷款损失准备的效率分析

提取贷款损失准备金是商业银行应对信用风险的措施,无效的贷款损失准备对银行资本与盈利有一定的影响。以往的研究主要集中在银行有意愿操纵贷款损失准备方面,而对其贷款损失准备的决策效率很少涉及。贷款损失准备效率是指银行管理者对银行贷款损失准备决策的有效性,即实际设置的贷款损失准备与其有效边界的偏离程度。本文运用随机前沿模型研究了1998～2004年我国商业银行贷款损失准备的决策效率,实证结果发现,我国商业银行贷款损失准备决策效率具有一定的无效性,没有达到效率边界;股份制商业银行贷款损失准备的决策效率高于国有商业银行。     

美国商业银行经营战略转型中的贷款交易研究与启示

论文从深入分析贷款交易发展对美国商业银行经营战略转型的积极作用入手,指出美国贷款交易从经营收入、业务结构、经营理念和促进银行市场分工及战略定位等多方面促进了美国商业银行的经营战略转型.在此基础上,作者重点分析了贷款交易与我国商业银行经营战略转型的关系,认为我国商业银行应借鉴美国经验,加强对贷款交易业务的开发,通过规范化的交易流程和标准化的交易产品,逐步推动和实现商业银行贷款二级市场的发展,以促进商业银行的战略转型.     

The Impact of SFAS No. 114 on the Linear Information Dynamic for Commercial Banks

Increase (decrease) in loan loss provisions would decrease (increases) bank earnings, but increase (decreases) regulatory capital. Previous studies have separately documented earnings and capital management behavior via loan loss provisions by commercial banks. However, it is difficult to isolate a bank's demand for increasing earnings from its demand for regulatory capital because earnings is a source of capital. Based on the objective bank function, this study investigates the impact of SFAS No. 114 on the information content of loan loss provisions in relation to both earnings quality and capital adequacy in a linear information dynamic framework. Test results show that the association between market value with loan loss provisions became significantly stronger for commercial banks in the post- than in the pre-adoption period. As a result, SFAS No. 114 is also found to positively affect the association of market value with both bank earnings and regulatory capital through the clean surplus relation because of the higher value relevance of loan loss provisions. The findings thus provide empirical evidence that SFAS No. 114 has significantly complemented banking regulations in enhancing (reducing) the (dispersion from the) accounting measurement construct of loan loss provisions.     

Discretionary Loan Loss Provisions and Systemic Risk in the Banking Industry

This study examines the relation between earnings management through discretionary loan loss provisions (LLPs) and systemic risk in the U. S. banking sector using a large sample of commercial banks from 1996 to 2009. We find that earnings management increases a bank's contribution to systemic crash risk and systemic distress risk, consistent with the notion that earnings management increases information opacity, facilitates bad news hoarding, co‐moves with macroeconomic conditions, and exhibits cross‐sectional correlation and herding in earnings management. However, the effect of earnings management through discretionary LLPs on systemic risk disappears during the crisis period, consistent with weakened earnings management in crisis times. We also find that the same effect strengthens with bank uncertainty and homogenous loans, and weakens in the post‐SOX period, and when banks are audited by Big 4 auditors.     

Bank Managers' Heterogeneous Decisions on Discretionary Loan Loss Provisions

This study examines bank managers' three major motivations for discretionary behavior with respect to loan loss provisions: signaling, income smoothing, and capital management. To do so, it utilizes a bank-specific time-series regression approach that captures heterogeneity in the banks' priorities and strategies for alternative motives and compares the results to those from alternative model specifications. The statistical tests and results presented in this study lead to three conclusions. First, significant results for the income smoothing hypothesis are robust to the various model specifications. Second, average signaling coefficients estimated from bank-specific regressions are systematically larger than corresponding coefficients from pooled time-series cross-sectional regressions and are statistically significant. Finally, bank managers appear to use loan loss provisions to manage their regulatory capital levels by comparing them with the minimum ratios specified by regulators rather than with a time-series bank-specific ratio or pooled time-series cross-sectional mean ratio.     

美国银行贷款销售:发展、现状与启示

银行贷款二级销售市场是美国发展最快的金融市场之一,本论文从多个角度较为全面地考察了美国银行的贷款销售行为,包括美国银行贷款销售的发展历史、发展现状、银行贷款的销售动机以及贷款销售本身对银行的影响等问题,分析了中国银行贷款销售的现状及原因,认为中国银行应加强投行业务创新,从积极的信用风险管理和经营模式创新的角度来大力发展贷款销售业务.     

Capital and Earnings Management: Evidence from Alternative Banking Business Models

This paper examines whether institutional characteristics distinguishing Islamic from conventional banks lead to distinctive capital and earnings management behavior through the use of loan loss provisions. In our sample countries, the two banking sectors operate under different regulatory frameworks: conventional banks currently apply the “incurred” loan loss model until 2018 whereas Islamic banks mandatorily adopt an “expected” loan loss model. Our results provide significant evidence of capital and earnings management practices via loan loss provisions in conventional banks. This finding is more prominent for large and loss-generating banks. By contrast, Islamic banks tend not to use loan loss provisions in either capital or earnings management, irrespective of the bank's size, earnings profile, or the structure of their loan loss model. This difference may be attributed to the constrained business model of Islamic banking, strict governance, and ethical orientation.