中国上市公司内部资本市场有效吗?——来自H股多分部上市公司的证据

从理论上说,外部资本市场无效或低效的情况下,企业集团可以通过构建内部资本市场有效配置资源。本文采用基于资产回报的现金流敏感性法,对H股多分部上市公司内部资本市场效率进行了直接测度。针对2000～2011年532个样本的面板数据的研究显示,上市公司内部资本市场总体有效,大部分上市公司能够通过内部资本市场持续有效地配置资源,部分上市公司具有出色的"挑选胜者"的能力。本文的研究结论符合理论预期,不仅为我国发展企业集团的经济政策提供了经验证据,而且为进一步的研究奠定了理论和方法基础。     

Capital market research in taxation: Do it in China!

Starting from MM’s theories, we discuss some important topics in capital market research in taxation. We use this article to introduce intuitions and techniques of capital market research in taxation to Chinese researchers. While it is apparent that many Chinese researchers have already mastered these techniques, we hope that more researchers will be interested in this line of research. We believe that China provides fertile ground for capital market research in taxation.     

关于资产证券化的资本计量

由于美国住房抵押贷款证券化产品的暴跌是次贷危机引爆器,因此,人们在研究加强资本监管时,会对证券化的资本计量给予特别关注。本文从理论结合实践的角度,对证券化产品各类市场参与者的相关资本计量问题进行了思考,梳理并归纳了资产证券化发起机构、投资机构和中介机构在各自资本计量过程中需遵循的原则及思路。     

Real estate transfer taxes and property values: The Philadelphia story

We examine the effect of the 1988 increase in the Philadelphia real estate transfer tax on the sale price of residential property. We find that sales prices fell, as expected. While sampling variability is slightly higher than desirable, the point estimate of the key coefficient indicates a decrease in house price far greater than what would be expected with perfect capital markets. This may be attributed to either capital market imperfections or the news value of the tax increase. The burden of the transfer tax thus rests on the seller.     

CMBS Subordination,Ratings Inflation,and Regulatory‐Capital Arbitrage

Using detailed origination and performance data on a comprehensive sample of commercial mortgage‐backed security (CMBS) deals, along with their underlying loans and a set of similarly rated residential mortgage‐backed securities (RMBS), we apply reduced‐form and structural modeling strategies to test for regulatory‐capital arbitrage and ratings inflation in the CMBS market. We find that the spread between CMBS and corporate‐bond yields fell significantly for ratings AA and AAA after a loosening of capital requirements for highly rated CMBS in 2002, whereas no comparable drop occurred for lower rated bonds (which experienced no similar regulatory change). We also find that CMBS rated below AA upgraded to AA or AAA significantly faster than comparable RMBS (for which there was no change in risk‐based capital requirements). We use a structural model to investigate these results in more detail and find that little else changed in the CMBS market over this period except for the rating agencies' persistent reductions in subordination levels between 1997 and late 2007. Indeed, had the 2005 vintage CMBS used the subordination levels from 2000, there would have been no losses to the senior bonds in most CMBS structures.     

Regulatory Capital Arbitrage and the Potential Competitive Impact of Basel II in the Market for Residential Mortgages

U.S. banking regulators have proposed a bifurcated system of capital regulation where the largest, internationally active banking organizations would be subject to significantly more risk sensitive regulatory capital requirements than are currently in place, while most others would remain subject to the current rules. The proposed new capital regime has the potential to affect the competitive landscape among banking institutions, particularly in the area of residential mortgage lending. We analyze the potential competitive effects of the proposed, bifurcated regulatory capital system on competition in the residential mortgage market from the perspective of the theory of regulatory capital arbitrage. We then apply the theory and available evidence to perform some benchmark calculations that suggest a significant, potential shift of market share and income to the largest banking institutions in the mortgage market.

Value of Conglomerates and Capital Market Conditions

This article studies variations in the value of diversification across time under various capital market conditions. I find that when external capital is more costly at the aggregate level, the value of conglomerates increases relative to focused firms. I also find that this increase is greater for financially constrained conglomerates, such as bank-dependent or small conglomerates. My findings support the theories on the advantage of diversification over focus. They suggest that the ability to substitute external capital markets with internal capital markets creates value for conglomerates when the financing cost in external markets is high, especially for those conglomerates that are financially constrained.     

USING THE CAPM AS A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR ASSET PRICING ANALYSIS

In this paper a model of asset pricing is derived that relaxes the restrictive assumptions of standard theories. The model leads to a tractable capital asset pricing model framework that can be used to test empirical hypotheses and draw important insights on capital market equilibrium.     

Capital Inflows and the U.S. Housing Boom

We estimate an open‐economy vector autoregressive (VAR) model to study the effect of capital‐inflow shocks on the U.S. housing market. We look at different external shocks that generate capital inflows to the U.S., in particular “saving‐glut” shocks and foreign monetary‐policy expansions. The shocks are identified with theoretically robust sign restrictions derived from an open‐economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Our findings suggest that capital inflows that result from “saving‐glut” shocks have a positive and persistent effect on real house prices and real residential investment.     

Disentangling Sentiment from Cyclicality in Firm Capital Structure

This study examines the relationship between capital structure choices and investor and managerial sentiment, finding that periods of positive sentiment are associated with reduced leverage within firms. We focus on the cyclicality of leverage using non-orthogonalized sentiment indices and find a strong negative relationship. Leverage, therefore, appears countercyclical, implying that the decision to take on debt is a consequence of either Admati et al.'s (2018) ratchet effect or a managerial attempt to time the market. Our findings lead us to question some fundamental capital structure theories, namely, trade-off (Kraus and Litzenberger, 1973), and Hackbarth's (2008) managerial traits theory. Instead, we favour the idea that leverage is a consequence of countercyclical market timing behaviour.