税收递延型养老保险缓缴税

近日有媒体报道称,税收递延型养老保险(下称"税延养老险")可能于年内在上海试点。税延养老保险,是指投保人在税前列支保费,在领取保险金时再缴纳个人所得税。一家养老保险公司的专家目前告诉记者,企业年金和个人商业养老保险都是补充养老的主要渠道,如果国家有意将其推广,保险公司的产品支持不成问题。税延养老险最高每月1000元所谓个税递延型养老保险,是指个人缴纳的保费在一定金额之内可以在税前工资中扣除,而在将来退休后领取保险金时再缴纳,这和目前个人收入纳税后才能购买商业保险有所不同。相关报道中提及的上海个人税延型养老保险产品定位为契约型养老保险;产品形式分为万能型和分红型;税收递延模式采取"税基递延"型,即在缴费及收益阶     

企业年金EET税收模式选择的原因探析

基于理论上对于企业年金八种税收模式的比较分析,及现实中与公共养老金、商业养老保险、个人储蓄税收模式的比较分析可得出,EET模式应当是我国企业年金税收模式的最优选择.而要完善这一税收模式,一方面,应对个人缴费设置免税限额以达到中低收入人群全额免税的激励效果;另一方面,开展企业年金个人缴费所得税延期支付税收体系的研究与规划是解决问题的关键     

年金EET型个人所得税政策分析

自2014年起,我国对年金个人所得税实行延期征税政策,即EET模式。新政明确年金个人税前缴费比例为4%,且与企业缴费及投资收益一并递延至领取环节,全额计税。本文通过年金个人所得税新旧政策对照,设立考察指标,进行仿真测算,分析政府的税收红利(宏观税额增量)和个人的边际税率(微观税负变动),指出EET型个税政策存在导向性不明、激励性不足、优惠性不够三大问题,建议进一步明确年金概念,细分年金构成,优化计税方法,让延期征税政策的激励作用落到实处。     

实施企业年金新税政 利好工薪阶层参保者

财政部、人力资源社会保障部和国家税务总局联合下发的《关于企业年金职业年金个人所得税有关问题的通知》(财税[2013]103号),明确自2014年1月1日起,实施企业年金、职业年金个人所得税递延纳税优惠政策。对单位和个人不超过规定标准的企业年金或职业年金缴费,准予在个人所得税前扣除;对个人从企业年金或职业年金基金取得的投资收益暂免征收个人所得税;对个人实际领取的企业年金或职业年金按规定征收个人所得税。一、可享受递延纳税的税收优惠政策财税[2013]103号文件的核心变化在于实现了个人所得税的递延纳税。(一)企业年金和职业年金企业年金主要针对企业,是指企业及其职工在依法参     

企业年金缩小企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距的政策仿真研究——工资异质性的视角

引入工资差异对企业职工企业年金缴费意愿的影响,采用仿真方法测量企业年金对企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距的影响。首先,根据我国养老制度安排,构建了企业年金基金、基本养老金、退休金预测模型和养老金差距测量指标;其次,选取工资水平从社平工资的0．5倍～5．0倍的14类代表性职工,模拟了基准情境和提高企业年金税收优惠的四种情境——提高雇主缴费的企业所得税免税上限、降低雇主缴费计入个人账户部分的个人所得税税率、降低领取阶段的个人所得税税率、免征个人缴费的个人所得税,并进行了敏感性分析。仿真结果表明,企业年金及其税收优惠政策能够有效缩小企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距,提高雇主缴费的企业所得税免税上限的作用最显著。企业年金投资收益率提高、企业年金管理费率降低、余寿减少、社平工资增长率提高和工作年限增加都会放大这种作用,反之亦然。工资越高企业职工从企业年金中获益越大,可能扩大企业职工内部养老金差距。     

私营养老金计划税收优惠模式比较及国际经验借鉴北大核心CSSCI

私营养老金计划是完善多层次养老保障体系建设的重要举措,而税收优惠制度设计又是促进制度覆盖和市场发育的根本动力。以上海市试点政策为基础,比较EET和TEE两种税收优惠模式的优劣,并通过构建精算模型检验它们对个人和政府的影响效应。研究发现,TEE模式的最佳征税比率在10%～15%之间,而参保人当年税收减免额、首年养老金替代率和总税收效用在EET和TEE模式下都随着收入水平变化,并呈现一定的阶段性,但变化趋势基本相同。借鉴国际经验,应从制定EET和TEE相结合的税收递延模式、对不同群体制定不同的税收递延限额、对低收入者和女性等弱势群体给予缴费补贴、扩大个人养老储蓄账户的功能等方面进行制度优化。     

如何规范企业年金的个人所得税处理

2013年12月6日,财政部、人力资源社会保障部、国家税务总局联合发布《关于企业年金职业年金个人所得税有关问题的通知》(财税[2013]103号)(下称103号文),确立了我国企业年金税收政策的EET。企业年金税收优惠的政策的形式主要分为八种,并借助字母E(Exempting,代表免税)和F(Taxing,代表征税)的组合来表示。例如,EET模式中,EET是指对雇主和职工向企业年金计划的缴费以及企业年金计划的投资收益给予免税待遇,但对退休职二从企业年金计划领取的养老金要进行征税;同理有EEE、ETE、ETT、TEE、TET、TTE、TTT     

个税递延型养老保险个人缴费研究——基于公平性的视角

我国现行企业年金纳税递延制度和个税递延型商业养老保险即将破冰,本文从公平性视角出发,建立了一般均衡两期世代交叠模型研究个税递延型商业养老保险缴费纳税抵扣上限问题。研究结果表明,个税递延型商业养老保险个人缴费纳税抵扣上限应该是企业年金账户个人缴费和企业缴费之和,而不是与企业年金账户个人缴费纳税抵扣上限相等。采取商业养老保险的个人缴费扣税上限和企业年金个人缴费扣税上限相同的方案,看似平等实则不公。     

DC型商业养老基金的最优投资策略研究——基于递延型个人所得税的考虑

本文构建模型论证了个人所得税递延政策对商业养老基金的投资策略和投资结果产生的影响。研究显示,延税型账户(EET)在缴费规模提高的同时,基金管理者降低了对风险资产的投资比例,最终扩大了基金的终端规模,并改善了基金的风险状况。个人可以根据对风险和收益的偏好适当提高缴费率。此外,以上作用的发挥取决于个人效用能否得到改善,而效用的改善需要对养老金领取阶段减免税,即EET与TEE(免税型账户)的“双税优”政策并举。     

税延政策真能刺激养老保险市场需求吗?——基于累积前景理论的模拟分析

在人口老龄化背景下,构建多层次养老保障体系,大力发展商业养老保险成为我国养老保障体系建设的重要任务。一般认为,税收激励能够有效促进商业养老保险的发展,基于此认识,我国开始试点税收递延型商业养老保险。然而一些研究表明,税延政策未必能带来实际的市场需求。本文基于行为经济学中的累积前景理论,在养老保险价值模型中加入个人对税延的主观价值评判,分析个人对税延养老保险的需求。研究发现:公平型和福利型税延养老保险对个人的吸引力大于非税延养老保险;我国当前较低的税优水平很难激励人们购买商业养老保险;只有当税优水平足够高时,才能有效刺激年金市场的实际需求。     

Taxation and skills investment in frictional labor markets

This paper examines the effects of wage taxation and corporate income taxation on training investment in frictional labor markets. Because of labor market frictions, the wage structure is compressed and workers do not capture the entire return from their skills. As a result, both firms and workers have incentives to support part of the costs of training investments. The analysis shows that when decisions to invest in training are made by firms and workers acting cooperatively, a wage tax increases the level of investment in skills whereas a corporate income tax decreases it. In this case, the introduction of a small wage tax unambiguously increases efficiency. The effects of both types of taxes on training are reversed when investment decisions are taken by firms alone. In any case, a corporate income tax is not neutral with respect to decisions to invest in skills even if the full cost of investment is deducted from taxable income in the period when it is incurred and the tax system provides full loss offset.     

On taxing capital income with income shifting

We examine a linear capital income tax and a nonlinear labor income tax in a two-type model where individuals live for two periods. We assume that taxes are paid only in the second period in which the agents receive both labor and capital income and may shift income from labor to capital. The two types of individuals may differ with respect to wage rate and initial resource endowments. In the absence of income shifting, endowment variation motivates a capital income tax which would not exist where there is pure wage rate variation. In the latter circumstance, income shifting would indeed establish a case for a capital income tax while adding variation in resource endowments would ambiguously affect the case. The asymmetric information case for a capital income tax must be traded off against distortionary effects not only on savings, but also on labor as an agent may earn labor income which is reported and taxed as capital income.      

劳动报酬上涨与中国国民储蓄率的演变趋势

资金流量表数据表明,劳动报酬上涨对2008年以来中国国民储蓄率产生了重大影响。本文据此提出了解释国民储蓄率演变趋势的劳动报酬假说,认为2008年以来的国民储蓄率持续下降是居民劳动报酬上涨推动的。具体来说,居民劳动报酬上涨的确定性和可预期性,增强了居民消费的过度敏感性,造成居民储蓄率下降;居民劳动报酬上涨导致企业支付劳动报酬占比上升,企业储蓄率下降;而企业支付劳动报酬占比上升又导致政府增加社会福利和公共服务支出,政府可支配收入比重和政府储蓄倾向下降,进而使得政府储蓄率下降。基于2008—2016年的省级面板数据,以最低工资标准作为工具变量进行实证检验,验证了上述假说。基于本文的理论假说和经验证据,我国国民储蓄率仍有进一步下降的空间。为了对冲储蓄率下降带来的影响,我国经济增长方式需要由投资驱动型转变为消费驱动型,当前稳增长政策的着力点需要由投资数量转变为投资效率。     

Determinants of Regional Investment Decisions in China: An Econometric Model of Tax Incentive Policy

This paper examines whether concessionary tax rates and tax incentives can attract foreign direct investment (FDI) into certain designated areas in China. Since China opened its doors to foreign investors in 1979, tax benefits have been used extensively to attract FDI into different areas. In 1991, a new tax law was introduced which superseded two previous income tax laws. This new law provides additional tax benefits which improve the investment environment for foreign investors. This study investigates the effect of China's tax rates and tax incentive policy on FDI and on the locational choices of foreign firms. Our empirical results indicate that tax rates and incentives are important determinants of regional investment decisions in China, after controlling for potential confounding variables covering infrastructure, unemployment rate, wage rate and agglomeration economics. Specifically, areas offering lower tax rates and increased tax incentives are found to attract greater amounts of FDI. The impetus of the tax effect on FDI is more apparent in the post-1991 period due to changes in the tax laws. Our results also suggest that infrastructure variables are important determinants of regional investment decisions.     

劳动报酬上涨与中国国民储蓄率的演变趋势

资金流量表数据表明,劳动报酬上涨对2008年以来中国国民储蓄率产生了重大影响。本文据此提出了解释国民储蓄率演变趋势的劳动报酬假说,认为2008年以来的国民储蓄率持续下降是居民劳动报酬上涨推动的。具体来说,居民劳动报酬上涨的确定性和可预期性,增强了居民消费的过度敏感性,造成居民储蓄率下降;居民劳动报酬上涨导致企业支付劳动报酬占比上升,企业储蓄率下降;而企业支付劳动报酬占比上升又导致政府增加社会福利和公共服务支出,政府可支配收入比重和政府储蓄倾向下降,进而使得政府储蓄率下降。基于2008—2016年的省级面板数据,以最低工资标准作为工具变量进行实证检验,验证了上述假说。基于本文的理论假说和经验证据,我国国民储蓄率仍有进一步下降的空间。为了对冲储蓄率下降带来的影响,我国经济增长方式需要由投资驱动型转变为消费驱动型,当前稳增长政策的着力点需要由投资数量转变为投资效率。     

Human capital and optimal positive taxation of capital income

This paper analyzes optimal linear and non-linear taxes on capital and labor incomes in a life-cycle model of human capital investment, financial savings, and labor supply with heterogenous individuals. A dual income tax with a positive marginal tax rate on not only labor income but also capital income is optimal. The positive tax on capital income serves to alleviate the distortions of the labor tax on human capital accumulation. The optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is lower than that on labor income if savings are elastic compared to investment in human capital, substitution between verifiable and non-verifiable inputs in human capital formation is difficult, and most investments in human capital are verifiable so that education subsidies can directly reduce the tax wedge on learning. Numerical calculations suggest that the optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is substantial.     

A growth oriented dual income tax

This paper proposes a growth oriented dual income tax by combining an allowance for corporate equity with a broadly defined flat tax on personal capital income. Revenue losses are compensated by an increase in the value added tax. The paper demonstrates the neutrality properties of the reform with respect to investment, firm financial decisions and organizational choice. Tax rates are chosen to prevent income shifting from labor to capital income. The reform decisively strengthens investment of domestically owned firms as well as home and foreign based multinationals and boosts savings. Simulations with a calibrated growth model for Switzerland indicate that the reform could add between 4 to 5 percent of GNP in the long-run, depending on the specific scenario. Given the slow nature of capital accumulation, it imposes considerable costs in the short-run. We consider a tax smoothing scenario to offset the intergenerationally redistributive effects. JEL Classification: D58, D92, E62, G32, H25     

“十四五”时期的个人所得税改革展望

个人所得税在调节收入分配、实现社会公平方面具有重要作用。“十四五”时期的改革部署中明确提出了健全直接税体系,提高直接税比重的要求。因此,“十四五”时期个人所得税改革的重点在于提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重,同时实现税收公平目标。对比近两年国外个人所得税发展趋势,发现我国个人所得税存在收入占比较低、劳动所得税负较重等问题。可以从多方面入手解决问题。一是将资本所得纳入综合所得计税范围,同时推进现代化税收征管,避免税收流失,以提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重。二是通过完善专项附加扣除政策,进一步降低中低收入群体的税收负担,实现税收公平。三是优化高端人才税收优惠政策,提高人力资本积累对高质量发展的贡献。     

个税递延型养老保险的可行性研究——以北京市为例

随着我国人口老龄化步伐的加快,社会基本养老保险和企业年金已经不能充分满足全社会老年人的生活消费。本文以北京市为特例,通过对北京市的老龄化现状进行分析,说明个税递延型养老保险在北京市实施的必要性。再通过对市政府财力及北京市的独特优势进行分析,说明北京市具备实行个税递延型养老保险的条件,并对这类保险方案提出了制度构想。