我国国有商业银行助学贷款发展策略探析

一、国有商业银行助学贷款处境尴尬的深层原因分析 当前国有商业银行对于开展助学贷款积极性不高的原因主要有以下三点:首先,风险大于收益.对于国有商业银行而言,助学贷款一定程度上还属于道义和政策行为,中央和地方财政对国家助学贷款虽然给予政策上的支持,如财政贴息、免交营业税、呆坏账核销等,但国家助学贷款的资金均由银行自行筹措,还贷风险由银行独自承担.这种没有信用等级评价的信用行为,风险自然大于收益.其次,贷后管理无章可循,追索成本过高.再次,很多地方由于财政收入方面的原因,国家助学贷款缺少财政贴息等相应政策的支持,同样制约了助学贷款的发展.     

根治助学贷款失信问题要依法以德为前提

开展助学贷款是我国实施科教兴国战略的一项重要决策。助学贷款实际运行情况不理想，学生失信问题普遍存在，金融机构将面临“追偿难”的困境。依法治贷和以德治贷是确保助学贷款的法律基础和思想基础，是根治助学贷款失信问题的前提和保障。     

国家助学贷款：如何做到各方面都欢迎

国家助学贷款是国家运用财政贴启、资金撬动银行贷款、资助高校贫困学生的一项重要政策。国家助学贷款如果不“助学”，就失去了存在的意义；但国家助学贷款如果不按“贷款”的原则来办，也就失去了可持续性。如何把国家助学贷款办成各方面都欢迎的贷款，积极推动国家助学贷款业务健康可持续发展，是政府相关部门和国家助学贷款业务各经办银行始终追求的目标和努力的方向     

国家助学贷款贷后违约现象、成因及对策探析

国家助学贷款是高等院校学生资助体系的重要组成部分,为了更好地推行国家助学贷款这一政策,2004年教育部、财政部、人民银行等联合下发的<关于进一步完善国家助学贷款工作的若干意见>在贷款政策、实施机制、风险防范等方面进行了重大调整和完善,建立了以风险补偿机制为核心的国家助学贷款新政策、新机制.新政策、新机制的实施,在一定程度上降低了贷款风险,提高了银行为贫困生提供贷款的积极性,有效地促进了助学贷款这项下作的持续发展.同时,各相关部门,如学校、银行等也在新政策、新机制的指引下,加强了助学贷款的管理,有效地解决了以往国家助学贷款过程中经常出现的问题,但是一些固有顽疾依然存在,没有得到彻底遏制,诸如贷后违约现象.     

学贷险“黑龙江模式”研究——兼论学贷险的完善机制

2006年以来，华安保险公司设计开发了就学贷款保证保险、国家助学贷款信用保险等助学贷款保险（以下简称“学贷险”）产品，首次将保险机制引入到助学贷款管理体系之中。随着国家助学力度的日益增大，深入研究学贷险的“黑龙江模式”，不断发展完善学贷险，有利于充分发挥学贷险在分担公益信贷风险，健全高校资助政策体系，促进教育事业发展等方面的积极作用。     

助学贷款制度的完善与创新

本报告从国家助学贷款制度理论出发，探讨了助学贷款制度中的一些规律性问题，分析了我国助学贷款制度的特征及其问题。报告认为，我国助学贷款的最大问题是制度设计没有考虑供给方的市场主体利益，缺乏应有的激励机制设计。政府没有发挥应有的作用，政策扶持力度小，助学贷款的收益与成本、风险不对称是导致目前助学贷款供需缺口巨大的主要原因。因此，充分考虑供给方的市场利益、给予适当刺激是关键；提高政府的参与度，向银行提供必要的担保，调整贷款合同内容是促进此项业务发展的重大因素。     

实贷实付：我国信贷管理模式的关键变革

“实贷实付”是贯穿银监会贷款新规的核心理念。本文认为“实贷实付”是贷款新规的关键变革，并通过分析实施实贷实付制度对商业银行和企业经营的影响，从商业银行、监管机构和银行客户三个方面，提出了贯彻实施实贷实付制度的建议。     

我国高校助学贷款发放与回收的相关研究

本文首先从助学贷款发放过程中存在的问题入手，提出应通过加强银校合作的途径来简化手续、提高教率；然后对银行和学生二者进行博弈分析，得出应尽快推进建立失信惩罚机制的结论；最后从利益制衡的角度对助学贷款新旧政策进行对比分析，在肯定新政策有效性的同时，提出通过构建个人金融征信体系来解决贷后跟踪回收难的建议，以确保助学贷款的有效回收。     

市场细分与国有商业银行助学贷款业务的发展

国家助学贷款具有明显的外部收益。目前政府和央行要求各主办银行加大助学贷款的力度，但是国家助学贷款是信用贷款，业务风险又比较高，各主办银行在办理该业务时面临两难选择。本指出，各主办银行按毕业生就业率对高校申贷学生进行市场细分，并确定营销的目标市场则有助于解决该问题，促进国家助学贷款业务的开展以及高等教育产业化的发展。     

“假个贷”及其防范

随着银行个人住房贷款业务规模的不断扩张，“假个贷”现象至上升趋势。通过分析“假个贷”的特征及形成原因，提出相应的防范措施。     

经济政策不确定性与企业贷款成本

基于大样本微观银行信贷数据,本文研究经济政策不确定性对企业的银行贷款成本的影响。研究发现,经济政策不确定性升高导致企业的银行贷款成本增加,且使得在中小型银行贷款的企业成本增加更多。异质性分析表明,经济政策不确定性升高对受政策因素影响较大的企业如小微企业、私营企业等的银行贷款成本的影响更为明显。进一步,对企业的银行贷款违约风险的研究发现,随着经济政策不确定性升高,企业的银行贷款违约风险反而降低。这表明,经济政策不确定性升高使得银行选择风险评级更低的贷款,符合谨慎性动机。本文研究结论表明,经济政策不确定性升高时,银行“自我保险”动机的增强使得企业的银行贷款成本增加,这在中小型银行中表现得更加明显,同时也更多地转嫁给中小企业。本文为经济政策不确定性对企业投资、宏观经济波动等的研究提供了微观解释机制,并揭示了政府经济政策的一致性、稳定性对维护金融稳定的重要作用。     

商业银行助学贷款的风险形成与防范机制研究

助学贷款是我国高等教育的重要资助体系之一。商业银行经营助学贷款具有风险大、成本高和收益低的特点。本文阐述了助学贷款政策变迁过程中商业银行的风险变化,从五个方面分析了商业银行助学贷款的风险形成机制,进而提出构建和完善商业银行助学贷款的风险防范机制。     

Banks and markets in a monetary economy

Modern financial sectors consist of banks, asset markets and a central bank. This paper builds a model where these institutions provide different financial services, and their interaction supports efficient allocations. When one institution is missing equilibria are, by construction, inefficient. The paper analyzes how interest rates and asset prices depend on the structure of the financial sector and characterizes the central bank policy that supports efficient allocations. The analysis relies on the difference between liquidity and real shocks, and relates the notion of liquidity used in this paper to the one adopted in other studies.     

货币政策和银行风险承担：一种非线性关系

宽松的货币政策会通过估值、收入和现金流机制,追逐收益机制以及中央银行沟通和反应机制等渠道增加银行风险承担,通过风险转移机制降低银行风险承担,从而导致货币政策与银行风险承担之间可能存在复杂的非线性关系。本文使用面板阈值模型,基于我国银行业数据研究了货币政策对银行风险承担的影响,发现我国货币政策对银行风险承担的影响存在门限效应,即货币政策对银行风险承担的影响取决于货币政策基准利率偏离泰勒规则利率的程度。当这种偏离小于门限值时,宽松货币政策会增加银行风险承担;当这种偏离大于门限值时,宽松货币政策会降低银行风险承担。本文研究对更好地理解我国货币政策对银行风险承担及金融稳定的影响有一定参考意义。     

货币政策操作需要考虑银行资本监管吗

持续宽松的货币政策与巴塞尔协议下银行资本监管的共同作用,可能是本次美国次贷危机产生和经济持续波动的主因之一。巴塞尔协议下的银行资本监管,较大地改变了信贷资金的流向和经济运行规律,从而必然影响到货币政策发挥作用的基础条件与传导途径。本文结合经济周期对银行资本约束下的IS-LM模型进行了扩展分析,发现银行资本约束会通过影响银行信贷渠道使货币政策产生非对称性效果,从理论上论证了货币政策的操作必须考虑银行资本监管。本文还运用随机前沿分析(SFA)方法检验了2000～2009年我国货币政策与银行资本监管联合效率,表明在引入银行资本监管后货币政策实现经济目标的联合效率下降。因此,为了达到稳定物价与产出的总体目标,在货币政策反应函数中必须考虑银行资本及其监管状况。     

Western US college students: Banking preferences and marketplace performance

Retail banks generate new checking accounts by routinely promoting products and services to college students. Prospecting for new student customers is an ongoing and challenging task. Therefore, it is useful to know why students would switch from a bank currently serving them to a competing bank. With this knowledge, bank marketers can focus on relevant features and benefits when interacting with potential student customers. Retaining students as customers poses another challenge, so it is also important to know how well banks in the marketplace perform on certain attributes. This information enables a bank marketer to place attention on salient characteristics and ones that can differentiate a bank from competitors. This study yielded insights into the college–student market by evaluating reasons for students switching banks and selecting new banks. Students’ perceptions of bank performance in relation to product quality, price and service quality dimensions were also obtained. Aggregating student's opinions of different banks indicated the marketplace performance on these dimensions, thus suggesting areas for differentiation to achieve a competitive advantage.     

货币政策、信贷渠道与资本结构

我国金融市场以银行体系为主,在企业融资研究中,考察货币政策的影响具有重要的现实意义。依据"信贷观"下的贷款渠道及信贷配给理论,分析表明,当货币政策变化影响到信贷供给时,未受约束企业的资本结构在政策紧缩时受影响较小,而受约束企业的杠杆率随着政策的紧缩(宽松)而减小(增大)。考察我国2003-2009年的非金融类上市公司的资本结构,在政策紧缩时经验证据与理论分析一致;但在政策宽松时资本结构的调整与"信贷观"并不一致,受约束企业的杠杆仍然较小,未受约束企业的权益及债务均较大。研究结论对于解释我国货币政策效应及企业融资决策,改进金融监管均具有重要的借鉴。     

How robustness can lower the cost of discretion

Model uncertainty has the potential to change importantly how monetary policy is conducted, making it an issue that central banks cannot ignore. Using a standard new Keynesian business cycle model, this paper analyzes the behavior of a central bank that conducts policy under discretion while fearing that its model is misspecified. The main results are as follows. First, policy performance can be improved if the discretionary central bank implements a robust policy. This important result is obtained because the central bank's desire for robustness directs it to assertively stabilize inflation, thereby mitigating the stabilization bias associated with discretionary policymaking. Second, the central bank's fear of model misspecification leads it to forecast future outcomes under the belief that inflation (in particular) will be persistent and have large unconditional variance, raising the probability of extreme outcomes. Private agents, however, anticipating the policy response, make decisions under the belief that inflation will be more closely stabilized, that is, more tightly distributed, than under rational expectations. Finally, as a technical contribution, the paper shows how to solve with robustness an important class of linear-quadratic decision problems.     

Endogenously structured boards of directors in banks

This paper examines the trends and endogenous determinants of boards of directors (board size, composition, and CEO duality) for a sample of 212 US bank holding companies, from 1997 to 2004. Overall, the results show that the costs and benefits of boards’ monitoring and advising roles could explain bank board structures with caveats. For example, due to the regulatory nature and comparatively intensive scrutiny of bank officers and directors, it is argued that bank managers have less control over the directors’ selection processes. Thus, bank board independence should not be the outcome of negotiation with CEOs. Consistent with this view, bank CEOs are found not to affect bank board independence. The trend analysis also provides some important results. In contrast to non-bank evidence, for instance, board size was discovered to decrease over the sample period for large and medium-sized banks, while board size remained relatively stable for small banks. These results are robust with respect to different estimation specifications. Furthermore, the study’s findings have important policy implications for bank regulators and investors.     

Deriving value or risk? Determinants and the impact of emerging market banks’ derivative usage

This paper examines the determinants of the emerging market banks’ derivative usage and the impact of derivative usage on bank value, total risk and bank stability. Our empirical evidence first suggests that derivative usage is driven primarily by net interest margin, bank concentration and institutional strength. In addition, although derivative usage appears to reduce emerging market bank value, it does not affect total risk. Moreover, emerging market banks can reduce bank instability using derivatives. Our findings have important implications for investors and policy makers focusing on emerging derivatives markets.