国外商业银行内部控制的经验借鉴及启示

商业银行内部控制的高效运行,不仅关乎银行内部正常的经营与管理秩序,更是银行金融风险防御与应对机制建设的一个重要组成部分,也是保障银行资金安全与维护客户合法利益的有效途径.本文通过分析花旗银行、渣打银行和汇丰银行内部控制的成功做法,提出了对我国商业银行内部控制建设的有益经验借鉴与启示.     

我国商业银行内部控制问题与对策研究

随着国内金融体制改革的不断深入,商业银行经营管理风险被进一步放大,特别是经济发展的不确定性和近年来银行案件呈高发态势,都充分凸显了银行内部控制的重要性,要求商业银行经营管理者必须高度重视内部控制建设,通过建立健全有效的内部控制措施来防范风险.本文对商业银行内部控制的概念、要素以及原则进行简单阐述,并全面分析了商业银行内部控制存在的问题,提出了商业银行内部控制对策,希望能够为我国商业银行内部控制水平的提升带来有益探讨.     

我国商业银行内部控制问题与对策研究

随着国内金融体制改革的不断深入,商业银行经营管理风险被进一步放大,特别是经济发展的不确定性和近年来银行案件呈高发态势,都充分凸显了银行内部控制的重要性,要求商业银行经营管理者必须高度重视内部控制建设,通过建立健全有效的内部控制措施来防范风险。本文对商业银行内部控制的概念、要素以及原则进行简单阐述,并全面分析了商业银行内部控制存在的问题,提出了商业银行内部控制对策,希望能够为我国商业银行内部控制水平的提升带来有益探讨。     

中国内控规范体系建设的回顾和展望

文章对中国内部控制法规体系建设历程作回顾和评介,按内部控制法规体系建设的影响程度或取得的成就划分为三个阶段,即20世纪90年代中后期、本世纪初期、最近几年等,阐释了内部控制理论体系在中国短短十几年间的规范过程和发展路径,试图真实展示中国内部控制法规体系建设的历史,期望大家对内部控制的应用和推广有一个全方位的认识,从而为中国企业的发展提供一些有益的启示和科学的展望,并产生深远的影响。     

企业内部控制制度建设浅析

企业内部控制是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物,特别是对于建立了现代企业制度的公司来说,内部控制对企业的发展尤为重要。健全企业内部控制制度对于保证会计信息质量,完善企业治理结构和信息披露制度,保护投资者的合法权益、保证资本市场的有效运行和企业在激烈的市场经济竞争中求得生存和发展,有着非常重要的意义。本文从建立内部控制制度的重要性入手,阐述了在内部控制制度建设和执行过程中存在的问题,并对进一步改进和完善内部控制制度建设进行了有益的探讨。     

氽业内部控制制度建设浅析

企业内部控制是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物,特别是对于建立了现代企业制度的公司来说,内部控制对企业的发展尤为重要。健全企业内部控制制度对于保证会计信息质量,完善企业治理结构和信息披露制度,保护投资者的合法权益、保证资本市场的有效运行和企业在激烈的市场经济竞争中求得生存和发展,有着非常重要的意义。本文从建立内部控制制度的重要性入手,阐述了在内部控制制度建设和执行过程中存在的问题,并对进一步改进和完善内部控制制度建设进行了有益的探讨。     

信息系统环境下的内部控制理论框架COBIT模型

虽然IT环境下会计系统内部控制的目的、原则不变,但随着会计信息系统数据储存和处理方式以及会计工作组织的改变,大部分内部控制方法已经失效或不再适用,因此需要重新建立健全会计信息系统的内部控制制度和措施。本文将介绍信息系统环境下的内部控制理论框架COBIT模型,力图为企业会计信息系统内部控制建设提供有益的帮助。     

信息系统环境下的内部控制理论框架COBIT模型

虽然IT环境下会计系统内部控制的目的、原则不变,但随着会计信息系统数据储存和处理方式以及会计工作组织的改变,大部分内部控制方法已经失效或不再适用,因此需要重新建立健全会计信息系统的内部控制制度和措施。本文将介绍信息系统环境下的内部控制理论框架COBIT模型,力图为企业会计信息系统内部控制建设提供有益的帮助。     

我国商业银行内部控制的建设与监管

伴随着我国金融体制的不断改革,银行业未来的竞争将会更加激烈,在此背景下,商业银行管理者如何采用有效的措施来加强银行的内部控制,从而给银行的发展夯实管理基础,已经成为商业银行必须要面对的课题。本文立足于我国商业银行内部控制建设现状,在对内部控制薄弱的原因进行分析的基础之上,提出了相应的解决对策,以期为商业银行内部控制水平的提升做出有益探索。     

我国商业银行内部控制的建设与监管

伴随着我国金融体制的不断改革,银行业未来的竞争将会更加激烈,在此背景下,商业银行管理者如何采用有效的措施来加强银行的内部控制,从而给银行的发展夯实管理基础,已经成为商业银行必须要面对的课题。本文立足于我国商业银行内部控制建设现状,在对内部控制薄弱的原因进行分析的基础之上,提出了相应的解决对策,以期为商业银行内部控制水平的提升做出有益探索。     

Learning in Public Organizations in 2010

The theme of this article is the future of learning in public organizations. It outlines a way of thinking that might underpin learning, and argues that, by the year 2010, public organizations could develop a radical approach to organizational learning that would make the concept more meaningful in their everyday practice. This approach is based on various shifts in the ways in which management is thought about and enacted. These changes are a movement away from the idea of 'the public manager' to a more relational notion: 'management in public'. The author explains what 'management in public' means, and discusses how it can be put into practice in order to transform learning in public organizations.     

Inequality in Mortality in Spain*

We analyse the evolution of mortality rates in Spain by age and gender between 1990 and 2018. We compare municipalities, ranked by socio‐economic status (SES) and grouped into bins of similar population size, to study changes not only in levels but also in inequality in mortality across the SES spectrum. We document large decreases in mortality rates throughout the period for all age groups, including children, even after 2000, and continuing after the Great Recession. These declines are stronger for boys and men, who had higher mortality rates to begin with. We find that inequality in mortality across municipalities was low among the young by 2018, while it was higher among adult men and older women. Inequality in fact increased over the period for older men. We explore the role of different causes of death and find that this increase in inequality is driven by stronger improvements in cancer‐related mortality among men living in richer areas. These improvements are not found among women, given their increases in mortality due to lung cancer.     

美国公司反收购战中毒丸计划的法律分析

公司反收购是现代公司控制权争夺过程中的必然现象，虽然有争议，但如果给予必要的法律约束，它对解决优化资源配置问题有巨大的促进作用。反收购措施起源于美国，美国历史上围绕收购与反收购的案例构成了美国反收购立法的重要组成部分。美国反收购实践展示了多种可能性，其中引人注目的是股东权利计划，又称“毒丸计划”，它已为我国的盛大网络公司对新浪公司的收购所采用，但在法理上股东权利计划并没有得到很好的研究和解释。本文主要针对美国公司反收购实践中的毒丸计划进行研究，从而论证毒丸计划在法律上的有效性。     

Women in the workplace in developing countries

The increased participation of women in economic activities of developing countries has been neglected, although they often work longer hours than men. In Africa, Asia, and the Pacific women average 12-13 hours more a week than men. They are often heads of households as male partners become ill, migrate, or die. The work is mostly in the household with other subsistence activities that statistics do not count. The UN Statistical Office estimated that the percentage of economically active women increased between 1970 and 1990 in the whole world except for sub-Saharan Africa. Yet the gap between female and male employment in the developing world stays wide because of fewer educational opportunities and social restrictions affecting women. 1/2 of the 70% of 830 million economically active women living in developing countries are in Asia. 3 of 4 women aged over 25 in Asia and Africa are illiterate. In Latin America and the Caribbean less than 25% of women are illiterate. Female illiteracy reaches over 75% in northern Africa and western Asia, almost 75% in sub-Saharan Africa, under 50% in eastern and southeastern Asia, and 75% in southern Asia. There is a wide gap between urban and rural illiteracy of women aged 15-24. In Africa over 40% of urban women were illiterate vs. nearly 80% of rural women in 1980. Enrollment in secondary schools in 1985 indicated that while in developed countries about equal number of girls were enrolled per 100 boys, in northern Africa only 70 girls, in sub-Saharan Africa only 60 girls, in eastern Asia 90 girls, and in southern Asia only about 40 girls were enrolled. In Africa under 20% of women vs. 80% of men in northern Africa, were active in the official economy, while in sub-Saharan Africa 40% of women vs. 90% of men, in Latin America nearly 40% of women vs. 80% of men, and in southern Asia in a little over 20% of women vs. over 80% of men.     

Development in medical underwriting in Germany

Life insurance companies generate profits primarily with life insurance and disability protection. Individual risk assessment serves to avoid adverse selection. The assessment of medical risks is based generally on the classification requirements of the reinsurance companies. For this reason the reinsurers provide the primary insurance companies with classification manuals. The manuals from the reinsurers differ only slightly. By means of three examples (heart diseases, cancer and HIV) the development for the last 30 years of underwriting in medical risks is explained in this article.     

Investments in Human Capital in Different Institutional Environments

This chapter investigates the proportion of labor costs that represents investments in human capital, and the rate of amortization of this asset in all six countries for which the required data are available in the Compustat Global Vantage database. The sample includes countries with different financial and legal systems, which enables us to investigate how the growth and depreciation rates of human capital and the resulting human capital asset ratio differ in different institutional environments. The results indicate that the estimated proportion of labor expenses that represents investments in human capital is large in the so-called common-law countries with a market-based financial system. On the other hand, the depreciation rate of the estimated human capital assets is lower in these countries. The results, therefore, indicate that the human capital assets are high in equity-oriented financial reporting environments. The results also indicate that the estimated ratios of the human capital asset to market value of equity are reasonably related to firm characteristics that are hypothesized to be determinants of the human capital asset ratios. Finally, these results remain the same in different industries.     

Potenziale von Telematik-Tarifen in der Kfz-Versicherung in Deutschland

The potential of telematics contracts in motor insurance in Germany is sometimes considered to be limited. In this article we present some theoretical thoughts and empirical results to this. Certain aspects of the acceptance of telematics tariffs will be looked at in an interdisciplinary way (legally, psychologically and economically) and they will be used in considering the assessment of potentials of telematics contracts. This article includes a legal analysis of the effects of the legally prescribed introduction of the emergency call system eCall coming into force in 2018. Additionally, it presents the results of a survey with regard to direct and indirect factors affecting the acceptance of telematics tariffs (regarding, among other things, their willingness to change their individual driving behaviour as well as their interest in telematics services). The empirical results provide evidence of potentials of telematics tariffs in Germany. Furthermore competitive strategies for market penetration will be reconsidered regarding the German insurance market and telematics. Thus this article is supposed to contrast media reports, which are rather negative, and to complete existing literature about telematics, which is still mostly technically and actuarially orientated. An extension of the previous understanding is realised by the selective presentation of interdisciplinary points of view. The overall picture of potentials regarding telematics tariffs in Germany is much more diverse than the picture drawn in most relating discussions.     

Accountant stereotypes in movies distributed in North America in the twentieth century

We examine the accountant’s image in popular cinema, an influential medium that reflects and shapes social attitudes. After coding 168 characters on 41 characteristics, we use factor analysis to reduce these data to six factors and cluster analysis to identify five stereotypes: Dreamer, Plodder, Eccentric, Hero and Villain. Over time we find an increase in the representation of females, ethnic minorities, CPAs and CAs as movie accountants. Characters with CPAs or CAs are more likely to be Heroes than any other stereotype.     

Technologies in Finland in 2020 valued by ZEF-tool

In Northern Finland, information and communication technology, biotechnology, environmental technology and wellness technology have been subjects of special interest in recent times. These technologies are believed to create competence and bring welfare to the area. The aim of this study was to produce possible, probable and desirable pictures of the future for discussion and debate, and for use in strategic processes in different organisations. The idea was to explore the future based on experts’ opinions. The article discusses not only the technologies the experts saw as attractive and credible but also the issues they believed to be directing the development of the technologies in question.     

Including commodity futures in asset allocation in China

In this paper, we investigate the role of eight commodity futures in asset allocation in China during the period January 2004–December 2015. The Chinese commodities and stocks are moderately correlated. We use quantile regressions based on a value-at-risk model to examine the relation between these two markets. We find no risk spillovers between the markets, suggesting that stocks and commodities in China are exposed to different risks. Using different asset allocation strategies, we show that including soymeal and soybeans in the Chinese stock index can offer some diversification gains. However, other Chinese commodities may not be useful for portfolio diversification.