试论社会保险税与社会劳动统筹的衔接

建立完善的社会保障体系,以社会保险税来取代目前我国的社会劳动保险统筹问题已经在我国讨论多年,社会各界对此问题也基本形成了统一的认识,开征社会保险税已经成为人们的共识。笔者也同意尽快开征社会保险税以解决目前社会劳动保障工作中的不足,并就如何实现社会保险税与社会劳动统筹的衔接谈点自己的看法。     

浅议开征社会保险税问题

一、对我国开征社会保险税的基本设想(一) 社会保险税的理论依据第一,社会保险税是以国家为主体进行“社会扣除”,筹措社会保险基金的需要。社会保险是国家通过法律手段对全体劳动者强制征收保险基金,用以对其中丧失劳动能力或失去劳动机会的成员提供基本生活保障的一种特殊的消费品再分配形式。马克思在《哥达纲领批判》一文中曾精辟地阐明了这种“社会扣除”的必要性。事实上,以国家为主体对社会产品     

美国失业保险税对我国的启示

美国的失业保险是联邦和州政府的合作项目,它通过失业保险税来融资。其失业保险税立法及执行保障层次高,税制设计科学合理。建议我国在借鉴美国失业保险税制的基础上,尽快颁布《社会保险法》,建立中央和地方两种失业保险税,在具体规定上给予地方一定的自主权,采用失业保险税率的经验评估方法,以进一步改革和完善我国的失业保险缴贲制度。     

对我国煤炭业开征环境保护税的探讨

我国环境问题日趋严重,开征环境保护税,逐步改善环境问题势在必行。煤炭在我国能源结构中占主体地位,煤炭开发和利用对环境的污染有目共睹。本文借鉴国际上对煤炭业开征环境保护税的经验,提出了对我国煤炭业征收环境保护税的制度设计构想。     

农业面源污染治理的环境保护税政策改进

作为一种降低负外部性的税种,环境保护税能够在农业面源污染治理中发挥重要作用。本文分析了我国实施针对农业面源污染治理的环境保护税的必要性,并结合欧洲发达国家治理农业面源污染的税收政策,从税种设计、征税原则、征税对象和征税标准、污染物当量计算、政策联动等五个方面对我国针对农业面源污染治理的环境保护税政策方案进行了阐述。     

国外不动产保有税课征办法与我国不动产税的改革

我国不动产税改革势在必行。自2003年,我国就已经选择了部分地区进行不动产保有税的模拟评税实验。本文将介绍外不动产保有税的课征办法,并提出了我国不动产税改革及其税基评估中需要解决的问题及一些思路。     

我国开征社会保障税问题研究

社会保障税如今已发展成为一个世界性税种。随着我国经济体制改革的不断深化，我国社会保障制度将得到不断发展和完善，在我国开征社会保障税是一种必然趋势。本论述了我国开征社会保障税的必要性，提出了我国开征社会保障税应注意的若干问题及对策建议。     

开放经济条件下国内铸币税与国际铸币税联动机制分析

开放经济条件下,我国不仅有国内铸币税收入,还会通过人民币境外流通获得国际铸币税收入,而且国内铸币税和国际铸币税是互相影响的。在固定汇率制度和资本项目管制搭配下,国际铸币税增加引起国内铸币税减少,国内铸币税增加引起国际铸币税增加;在固定汇率制度与资本项目开放搭配下,国际铸币税增加会引起国内铸币税也增加,国内铸币税增加又会引起国际铸币税增加;在浮动汇率制度和资本项目管制搭配下,国际铸币税增加不会引起国内铸币税变化,国内铸币税增加引起国际铸币税也增加;在浮动汇率制度与资本项目开放搭配下,国际铸币税增加对国内铸币税没有影响,但是国内铸币税增加会引起国际铸币税也增加。     

基于法律视角对我国房地产税改革的思考

基于法律视角研究我国房地产税改革具有重要意义。因此,本文在深入分析房地产税改革应遵循税收法律主义原则、税收公平原则、权利与义务对等原则等基本法律原则的基础上,从立法环节、执法环节和司法环节三方面阐释了房地产税改革的法律保障措施。本文拓宽了房地产税的研究思路,指出基于法律视角对房地产税改革进行研究是保障我国房地产税改革顺利推进的关键所在。     

基于铸币税角度的人民币国际化分析

随着我国经济的快速持续发展,人民币国际化问题引起了世界的广泛关注,一国货币国际化即可以享有来自他国的铸币税收益.本文试图从铸币税的角度入手,分析影响我国央行铸币税的结构因素,并对2009年我国政府铸币税收入进行了估算.     

On the Costs of Excise Taxes and Income Taxes in the UK

This paper develops an analytical framework for estimating the marginal excess burden (MEB) of taxes on gasoline, alcohol, tobacco, and labor in the UK, accounting for externalities and interactions among the taxes. Under most scenarios the MEB of the gasoline tax exceeds that for the labor tax, the MEB of the alcohol tax is roughly the same, while the MEB of the tobacco tax is lower than for the labor tax. These preliminary findings suggest that the gasoline tax may be too high, the alcohol tax might be about right, and the tobacco tax might be too low.     

Labor tax reform, unemployment, and search

A key obstacle to reducing payroll taxes in many industrialized and transition countries is the direct revenue loss to the government that it implies. This paper studies a simple and practical labor tax reform of reducing a payroll tax and increasing a progressive wage tax that keeps the marginal tax wedge unchanged. Such a strategy increases employment, reduces the equilibrium unemployment rate, and increases public revenue as long as workers do not have all the bargaining power in wage negotiations. Moreover, welfare rises if workers’ bargaining power is sufficiently large to exceed a critical value determined by the second-best Hosios condition.      

论个人所得税的二元课税模式

由于综合个人所得税制在理论基础和实际征管方面都存在着难以克服的困难,发端于北欧国家的对劳动所得适用累进税率而对资本所得适用比例税率的二元个人所得税制就成为一种较为现实而理想的模式,在国际上正得到日益广泛的支持。我国近年提出的综合与分类相结合的个人所得税制模式近似于二元所得税制,应当作为个人所得税改革的长远目标,但还需对具体制度安排进行恰当的设计。     

Human capital and optimal positive taxation of capital income

This paper analyzes optimal linear and non-linear taxes on capital and labor incomes in a life-cycle model of human capital investment, financial savings, and labor supply with heterogenous individuals. A dual income tax with a positive marginal tax rate on not only labor income but also capital income is optimal. The positive tax on capital income serves to alleviate the distortions of the labor tax on human capital accumulation. The optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is lower than that on labor income if savings are elastic compared to investment in human capital, substitution between verifiable and non-verifiable inputs in human capital formation is difficult, and most investments in human capital are verifiable so that education subsidies can directly reduce the tax wedge on learning. Numerical calculations suggest that the optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is substantial.     

Determinants of the Variability of Corporate Effective Tax Rates: Evidence from Romanian Listed Companies

In this paper, I investigate the determinants of firm-specific corporate tax rates for nonfinancial companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange over a twelve-year period (2000-2011). Using a fixed effects panel data estimation model to account for individual firm heterogeneity, I find that capital intensity, leverage, and loss carry-forward provisions negatively affect corporate effective tax rates; company size and labor intensity have no effect; and profitability has a positive effect. Going beyond the deterministic investigation, the paper cannot provide evidence of tax-planning activities for the companies considered. Moreover, legal differences between financial and tax accounting related to provisions are found to have a positive effect on firm-specific effective tax rates.     

新个税法模式下的劳动者权益探究

"公平"是税收环节开展与劳动关系平衡的交叉范畴,依附于人身属性以获取财产性利益的劳动者在个人所得税缴纳中占主体地位,工资薪金所得更是个人所得税的丰厚税源。新个税法由"分类税制"向"分类-综合并行二税制"模式转变,以实现对横向税负公平与纵向税负适度的保障,通过劳动性所得综合征税设置、综合所得税率调整、费用扣除标准设计三个主要方面调节劳动者权益杠杆,影射出对公民权利与义务的对等性追求。新个税改革无论在个税税制模式上抑或是税率级距设置上无不体现着对中低收入群体的福利关怀。     

企业所得税的劳动需求效应--基于中国工业企业面板数据的研究

本文利用1998~2013年中国工业企业数据库的221万条企业面板数据,采取静态面板模型和动态面板模型,考察了企业所得税对企业劳动需求的影响。在基于生产函数推导出企业所得税对企业劳动需求的影响机理后,以企业职工人数和企业所得税有效税率等变量构建回归模型,用工具变量集解决内生性问题。实证结果表明,降低企业所得税有效税率会增加企业劳动需求,尤其对劳动密集型企业的劳动需求影响最大。因此,为了促进就业,应进一步降低企业所得税税率,并对劳动密集型企业给予特别的企业所得税优惠待遇。     

二元所得税的兴起:国际经验及启示

二元所得税作为一种对资本所得与劳动所得分离课税的个人所得税新模式,已被越来越多的国家所尝试。围绕二元所得税,理论界的争议主要集中于对资本所得征税的效率性、公平性、管理性和普及性等方面。对我国而言,既要反思劳动所得和资本所得的差异,明确个人所得税改革的基本思路与方向,又要采取渐进主义的改革策略,设计二元所得税的短期、中期和长期目标,在条件成熟时予以尝试。     

Has Tax Competition Emerged in OECD Countries? Evidence from Panel Data

The theory of international tax competition suggests a shift of tax burden from mobile to immobile tax bases, especially for small open economies. This paper assesses these hypotheses empirically using a sample of 23 OECD countries and the time period 1965–2000. In accordance with tax competition theory, we find that capital mobility exerts a negative impact on capital tax burden, and a positive one on labor tax burden. Further, we observe a positive effect of country size, suggesting that small open economies are levying lower capital and labor taxes than larger ones. Finally, we analyze the time pattern of tax competition and demonstrate that tax competition has intensified since the mid 1980’s.JEL Code: H7, H87, C23     

政府内源融资:增税的经济约束

政府通过增加税收的内源融资受到经济增长的约束表现为总量和结构两方面。实证结果表明 ,中国近 5年税收的快速增长中政府增税融资比重在 2 5 %——— 5 4 %之间。增税使宏观税负增加不超过2 2 .9% ,宏观税负与政府支出占GDP比重相差不超过 3个百分点为宜 ;增税应以消费支出税类为主 ,资本收入税类、劳动所得税类的增税空间很小。