会计环境与会计价值:Gray(1988)理论框架的一项拓展

本文提出股东导向(相对利益相关者导向)与稳定性(相对波动性)两个非Gray(1988)会计价值维度,并理论分析其如何受主要环境因素影响。研究认为:相比个人主义和阳刚之气,集体主义和阴柔之气的社会更易形成利益相关者导向与稳定性价值,且这种价值更易受到权力距离大、不确定性规避程度高的社会的偏好;自由主义政治意识形态和分权型政治组织体制社会更易形成股东导向与波动性价值,且这种价值偏好在市场主导经济体制、普通法与股权型融资系统的社会也更易占主导,而税会合一程度越高,其会计价值越倾向于利益相关者导向与稳定性价值。研究有助于完善Hofstede-Gray的文化-会计价值理论框架,为政策制定者与当前会计准则国际趋同提供参考。     

欧盟会计协调对我国会计国际化的启示

推进会计标准和会计实务的国际化,为全球经贸往来和资本流动减少成本和消除障碍,是经济全球化的必然要求。欧盟采取的会计协调措施为实现欧盟统一市场发挥了重要作用,是会计国际协调的成功典范。本文结合欧盟会计协调的成功经验和存在的问题,阐述了其对我国会计国际化的借鉴意义。     

从金融稳定性透视公允价值会计对欧洲银行业的影响

从2005年起,欧洲的上市公司(包括银行)都必须采用国际会计准则(IAS)编制和呈报合并财务报表。这些准则,特别是它们所提出的对金融工具的计价方法,将会对欧洲银行业产生重大影响。本文回顾了目前存在的争论和在银行业中推广公允价值会计所带来的影响,并通过考察来自银行业以外的冲击如何根据新准则在财务报表中     

会计融合度对会计决策价值的影响探析

随着市场经济的发展,企业对于财务管理工作越来越重视,企业管理者不断寻找有效的财务管理方式来提高财务管理水平。会计融合度是指企业管理会计以及财务会计在企业经营管理的各个维度的参与程度,它对于会计决策具有非常重要的使用价值,为了提升企业的财务管理水平,企业应该提升会计融合度,保证企业的会计决策更加地科学合理,为企业的发展奠定坚实的基础。下面我们就针对会计融合度对会计决策价值的影响进行分析,希望能够为企业提升会计决策价值奠定坚实的基础。     

我国会计标准建设与国际协调

本文对全球经济一体化背景下会计国际协调的必然性进行了分析 ,对我国会计国际协调过程中存在的认识误区和协调中应注意的一些问题进行了探讨 ,并提出了我国会计标准建设与会计国际协调的策略及建议。指出要正确分析我国会计标准与国际会计标准的差异 ,正确理解国际会计准则 ,积极参与国际会计准则的制定过程 ,并引导社会各界正确理解会计标准和运用会计信息     

欧盟会计国际化进程与启示

自上世纪70年代起,欧盟就致力于会计协调工作,在法律框架内制定了一系列会计指令.但由于其不完善性,在实践中造成了一系列问题.为此,欧盟在2002年7月做出决议,从2005年起根据国际会计准则编制合并报表,同时,采取一系列新的协调措施,统一成员国的会计准则,提高公司会计报表的可比性和透明度,降低筹资者的成本,确保国际会计准则的执行.据此,我国可采取分阶段采纳国际会计准则,加强会计信息披露,促进信息公开,加强报告审计员的独立性和审计师的监管作用,强化会计标准的执行监督机制等措施,促进我国会计国际化的健康发展.     

会计学科的国际协调

樊行健指出：(一)目前，我国并不强调与国际会计惯例接轨，主要是因为我国会计所处的环境十分复杂，计划经济的影响与市场经济的发展并存，工业经济与知识经济交融，这也决定了我国会计具有自己的特点。我国的市场经济与西方发达国家相比，还不成熟、不完善，比如我国的证券市场是典型的“新兴市场”加“转轨经济”。     

公允价值会计对财务报表的影响

本文通过比较公允价值会计和传统会计在具体的操作方法和考量范围方面的不同之处,来探讨使用公允价值会计后对财务报告的影响,并对在企业管理的过程中,如何更有效地利用财务报告提出了一些探索性的建议.     

环境会计近了

近年来,诸多公司出现了集体“漂绿”的行为。在环境会计的概念尚在探讨阶段,制度远未成型之际,企业为环保所付出的努力,究竟是一次披着“社会责任和可持续发展”外衣的T台秀,还是洞悉时势后做出的一种战略性考量？     

The Impact of Adopting International Accounting Standards on the Harmonization of Accounting Practices

Over the past few decades numerous organizations have been actively participating in the efforts to improve the comparability of financial reporting. Many studies have discussed the benefits and drawbacks of comparability. This study investigated the affect on the harmonization, or comparability, of accounting practices when a sample of companies choose to use international accounting standards (IASs) when preparing financial reports.This study analyzed trends in the I index, a measure of concentration for the use of a particular accounting practice introduced by van der Tas, to determine if the choice of accounting methods by a sample of Swiss companies became more aligned with a sample of companies from three other countries. The study included a control sample of Swiss companies that did not switch from reporting using local Swiss standards during the same time period, 1988 through 1995. Four accounting practices were included; depreciation, inventory, financial statement cost basis, and consolidation practices. The practices used were compared with a sample of companies from three countries; Japan, the UK, and the US.The results indicated that across the 8-year period, the majority of the I indices comparisons were positive and statistically significant. However, the results did not support that these increases were due primarily to the adoption of IASs.     

国外环境财务会计发展评述

针对全球气候变化、CO2排放、资产弃置及土壤污染等一系列环境问题,各国会计准则委员会、国际机构及会计协会纷纷开展对环境财务会计的准则研究和实务推广。本文简要回顾了国外环境财务会计的发展历程,介绍了欧美、日本等西方发达国家在环境财务会计指南及实务上取得的最新研究进展,以期为我国环境财务会计准则体系构建提供借鉴。     

Impact of Automation on Cost Accounting

Although production methods have been highly developed and now make use of very advanced technologies, management accounting systems have lagged behind. Before introducing new cost accounting systems, however, it is necessary to have a clear view of practice. The empirical results described in this paper constitute the output of a large scale research project into manufacturing companies located in Belgium. Extensive data on cost accounting systems were gathered through the use of a questionnaire. There is an indication that technological change has an impact on both cost composition and cost structure. The widespread hypothesis that the proportion of direct labour cost within total costs is lower in companies with automated production process is confirmed. As to the traceability of costs, there is a shift from indirect costs towards direct costs in companies with automated production. However, it appears that only a few companies are concerned about the efficiency of their cost calculation on a permanent basis. Moreover, no differences could be detected in the use of cost accounting in decision making between companies with automated production and those with mechanical production.     

The Impact of Small Brownfields and Greenspaces on Residential Property Values

Using a hedonic pricing model, this paper investigates the responsiveness of residential property values in a well-defined inner-city neighborhood of Kenosha, Wisconsin, to the presence of two small former industrial sites contaminated by various environmental pollutants, or brownfields, and a local neighborhood park, or greenspace. Using readily available data on sales and assessments for residential property in close proximity to the brownfields and the greenspace, we estimate well-behaved and statistically significant property value gradients with respect to the park, the environmental amenity, and the brownfields, the environmental disamenities. These functions are then used to estimate the possible impact that brownfield remediation may have on total property value. We estimate that remediation and redevelopment of the brownfields into greenspaces would increase property values for the 890 neighborhood residences between $2.40 and $7.01 million. These results suggest that small brownfields have a measurable impact on property values and that readily accessible data can be used to help local policymakers make decisions on remediation issues.     

The Internal and External Impact of Historical Designation on Property Values

Designation of historic properties and historic districts is increasingly used as a means to revive central-city neighborhoods and to promote urban economic development. While preservation activities are thought to generate positive externalities for surrounding neighborhoods, these external effects have been difficult to quantify. Using a database of tax-appraisal records for residential properties in Abilene, Texas, this study demonstrates that there are significant, positive externalities associated with historic designation. We perform simple cost-benefit calculations and find that the internal and external benefits more than outweigh the (nonzero) costs associated with historical designation. Moreover, from the city of Abilene's perspective the property-tax incentives provided to historic reinvestment are outweighed by the added property-tax revenue created by the increased value.     

企业绿色经营系统与环境会计

本文讨论企业绿色经营系统与环境会计问题。绿色经营是一种新的企业经营理念 ,是在可持续发展战略与ISO140 0 0系列的指导下发展起来的 ,它贯穿于企业整体经营系统之中 ,如“为环境而设计”、“绿色融资”、“绿色采购”等。环境会计是企业绿色经营系统的一个有机组成部分 ,绿色经营理念与企业绿色经营系统的发展是 2 0世纪 90年代以来环境会计取得较大发展的微观背景。环境会计目前至少可以分成三个领域 ,即环境财务会计、环境管理会计与环境审计。环境会计的发展为财务会计与管理会计的融合提供了适宜的条件。     

The Impact of Accounting Principles on Profits: The US versus Japan

Weetman and Gray (1991) sought to add quantitative information to the extant qualitative literature on differences in profits reported under US GAAP with those in the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. This paper introduces Japanese companies to such analysis and seeks to add to both the qualitative and quantitative literature on profit comparisons. In attempting to undertake such work, the paper serves to highlight the difficulties of trying to compare financial statements in Japan with those published in the US and as a consequence the problem of undertaking quantitative analysis. On the basis of a case study approach, there is some evidence that the profits of companies prepared in accordance with Japanese GAAP are considerably more prudent than if prepared in accordance with US GAAP for companies operating in the financial sector. Such differences may not be so pronounced in the non-financial sector.     

The Impact of the Type of Accounting Standards on Preparers' Judgments

This article examines preparers' consolidation judgments and how they are impacted by the precision of accounting standards (substance-over-form versus rules-based). The examination is performed via two laboratory experiments in a consolidated accounting setting. In Experiment 1 it was found that when subjects used a substance-over-form accounting standard they justified their consolidation judgments on case specific information rather than on different interpretations of the phrase 'capacity to control'. In Experiment 2 it was found that when subjects used a rules-based standard, incentives were found to impact on accountants' consolidation judgments and more aggressive judgments were made through their assessments of case specific information. Comparison of the judgments made in Experiment 1 with one of the treatment groups in Experiment 2 enabled a comparison to be made of consolidation judgments of subjects under both substance-over-form and rules-based accounting standards. While both groups had the same incentive not to consolidate, marginally significantly more subjects using the rules-based standard did not consolidate than subjects using the substance-over-form standard. This finding is contrary to anecdotal claims that the imprecision of substance-over-form standards may be less effective in stopping biased financial reporting than rules-based standards.