对个人所得税费用扣除标准的若干思考

个人所得税改革涉及千家万户的切身利益,上调个人所得税费用扣除标准是众所瞩目的焦点问题,但在实践中很多人对个人所得税费用扣除标准的表述不够准确,甚至产生了歧义,必须为其正名;应规范分项减除"费用扣除标准",与通货膨胀率挂钩,实行指数化调整;实现内外统一的"费用扣除标准",使人人都能享受国民待遇.     

个人所得税改革对居民消费的效应评价与完善路径

当前我国居民消费不足的最主要原因在于居民收入水平不高、国民收入分配失衡,所以2018年个人所得税改革的重点是提高费用扣除标准、调整税率结构,降低纳税人负担,增加纳税人可支配收入,提高居民消费水平.要进一步促进居民消费,个人所得税有必要继续减税,同时进一步调节收入分配差距,使收入分配更加公平.具体对策包括:将专项附加扣除...     

Keeping up or Falling behind? The Impact of Benefit and Tax Uprating on Incomes and Poverty*

Each year, the government decides how much to raise benefits and tax allowances. In the UK, the basis for these upratings is rarely debated, yet has major long‐term consequences for the relative living standards of different groups as well as for the public finances. This paper considers the medium‐term implications of present uprating policies, which vary across parameters of the tax–benefit system. Continuing these policies for 20 years, other things staying the same, would result in a near doubling of the child poverty rate alongside a substantial gain to the public finances. At the same time, pensioners are largely protected by the earnings indexation of pensioner benefits including, in time, the basic state pension. We show how difficult it will be to meet the UK child poverty targets unless the greater inequality inherent in the current regime for uprating payments and allowances is redressed.     

金融与消费需求关系研究的文献综述

2009年底的中央经济工作会议对2010年经济工作进行了全面部署,其中把扩大居民消费、增强居民消费能力和加快居民消费结构升级提到了前所未有的战略高度。本文对金融与消费需求关系的有关文献进行回顾,从消费信贷、股票市场、保险等三个方面对国内消费需求所受的影响进行综述,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

Why Do Shoppers Use Cash? Evidence from Shopping Diary Data

Recent studies find that cash remains the dominant payment choice for small‐value transactions despite the prevalence of alternative payment methods such as debit and credit cards. An important policy question is whether consumers truly prefer using cash or merchants restrict card usage. Using unique shopping diary data, we estimate a payment choice model with individual heterogeneity, controlling for merchants' acceptance of cards. Based on a policy simulation imposing universal card acceptance among merchants, we find that overall cash usage would decrease by only 8.0 percentage points, implying that cash usage in small‐value transactions is driven mainly by consumer preferences.     

The Impact of Housing Markets on Consumer Debt: Credit Report Evidence from 1999 to 2012

We estimate the response of consumer debt portfolios to pronounced housing market swings from 1999 to 2012 using Equifax‐sourced credit report data and a variety of identification approaches. We find: (i) the extraordinary climb in home equity debt from 2002 to 2006 is an expression of a stable, longer‐term relationship between house price growth and home equity borrowing; (ii) all preboom homeowners, and older and prime postboom homeowners, demonstrate near dollar‐for‐dollar substitution between (expensive) credit card and (cheap) home equity debt in response to home equity changes; and (iii) little evidence of substitution between home equity and student loan debt.     

养老金收支平衡视角下延迟退休的激励性政策研究

以城镇人口结构预测为基础构建精算模型,对多种情况下养老金的收支平衡进行测算并设计两种优化政策,研究不同的优化政策实施力度与延迟退休落实效果之间的关系,测算两种政策对养老金收支平衡的影响.结果显示:两种优化政策对于推进延迟退休进程均有积极作用,对于养老金收支平衡的影响存在差异.基于此,建议尽快推行延迟退休政策,增加相关配套的激励性政策;针对财政收支状况和老龄化程度实施不同的收入端和支出端优化政策.     

Payday Loan Choices and Consequences

High‐cost consumer credit has proliferated in the past two decades, raising regulatory scrutiny. We match administrative data from a payday lender with nationally representative credit bureau files to examine the choices of payday loan applicants and assess whether payday loans help or harm borrowers. We find consumers apply for payday loans when they have limited access to mainstream credit. In addition, the weakness of payday applicants’ credit histories is severe and longstanding. Based on regression discontinuity estimates, we show that the effects of payday borrowing on credit scores and other measures of financial well‐being are close to zero. We test the robustness of these null effects to many factors, including features of the local market structure.     

Reforming Business Taxation: Lessons from Italy?

We carefully review the recent Italian reform of business taxation, compare it with other international experiences and theoretical proposals, and calculate its effects on the cost of capital and on the effective average corporate tax rate. We argue that the Italian reform is an original attempt to find a compromise between two conflicting aims, both of which are unavoidable in an open economy: the first is to reduce the average rate of taxation on profits, and the second is to reduce the financial and real distortions produced by corporate taxation. In assessing the initial evidence in the Italian case, we argue that too much weight has been given to the latter objective, and that further reductions in average taxation on profits may be needed.     

延迟退休对城镇职工养老保险收支影响的净效应估计——基于2025年起渐进式延迟退休年龄的假设

鉴于延迟退休对养老金收支有多重影响,本文假定2025年起以“每4年延迟1年”节奏,逐步将男(女)养老金正常领取年龄(NRA)从60(55)岁提高至2049年的65 (60)岁,利用中国未来分年龄人口数的完整估计数据,估算了延迟退休对城镇职工基本养老保险收支影响的净效应.估算结果显示,延迟退休为2050年争取到了近25％...     

人口老龄化背景下我国住房需求变化趋势与养老地产发展研究

摘要：人口结构变化对住房市场需求会产生一定影响,本文从我国人口老龄化的现状出发,指出了家庭养老和社会养老模式下老年人的住房需求偏好和需求特点,在分析我国养老地产现状的基础上,提出了促进养老地产发展的思路和建议。     

基于收入水平的多层次养老保险体系构建研究

以人人享有适度养老保障为目标,构建"政府与市场分责、基本与补充结合、公平与效率并重"的多层次养老保险体系,是我国养老保险制度改革的目标模式。改革开放以来,我国养老保险制度改革成效显著,但当前多层次养老保险体系建设不能满足不同收入群体的需要,仍存在供求失衡状况。短期而言,应进一步落实和完善现行制度,健全由基本养老保险、补充养老保险和个人储蓄养老保险构成的多层次养老保险体系;长期而言,应对现有养老保险体系进行结构性调整,构建基于不同收入水平的多层次养老保险体系,包括面向无收入、低收入人群的国民基础养老金制度,面向工薪职工的基本养老保险制度,面向高收入群体的补充养老保险制度。     

英国工党政府养老金制度改革述评:公平和效率的视角

面对不断增加的贫困人口和持续扩大的收入差距,面对急剧攀升的老年抚养比和严重不足的养老储蓄,英国工党政府在养老保障领域采取了一系列改革措施。改革的核心内容就是协调公平和效率问题。公平问题主要涉及减少贫困人口,缩小收入差距;效率问题主要涉及降低政府养老金负担,发展私营养老金,增加养老储蓄。总体而言,工党政府执政期间,英国贫困人口大幅减少,收入差距扩大的趋势得到明显遏制,政府养老金负担保持稳定,私营养老金的作用越来越大。因此,工党政府的养老金改革较好地协调了公平和效率问题,有利于英国养老保障制度的可持续发展。