考虑再保险的存款保险定价及其应用

当银行因突发因素出现巨额损失时,原有的单一存款保险已不足以弥补这样的损失.通过对存款保险引入再保险这一思想来设计存款保险,在银行资产服从几何布朗运动的前提下运用保险精算定价方法推导出原保险和再保险定价公式.并且对中国的上市银行实际数据进行了模拟分析.     

基于资产负债管理的我国巨灾再保险定价研究

我国是自然灾害种类多、频率高、损失大的国家。对巨灾保险需求很大,但是由于巨灾的特性,给保险公司带来的风险极大,因此对巨灾再保险有很大需求。通过建立资产、负债和利率模型,根据我国洪水、暴雨损失程度和频率拟合关系式,采用蒙特卡罗模拟分别计算有无违约风险和发行巨灾债券的巨灾再保险费率。通过计算结果看出,发行巨灾债券能够降低违约风险,提高巨灾再保险费率,增加巨灾再保险合同的价值。同时,还考虑了资产负债比、免赔额、债券价值与负债占比对巨灾再保险费率的影响并得到合理结果。本文根据我国洪水、暴雨实际发生情况,从资产负债管理视角研究巨灾再保险定价问题,对于开展适合中国国情的巨灾再保险具有理论指导意义。     

我国非寿险公司再保险与资本结构研究

我国保险业转型和保险回归保障功能对保险公司运用再保险和合理配置资本结构提出了更高要求。本文以2007年～2011年我国的非寿险保险公司为研究对象,实证检验保险公司再保险购买与资本结构选择间的因果关系,采用2SLS和FEPD模型研究发现,非寿险保险公司财务杠杆与再保险比率存在显著的正相关关系,再保险率反过来也正向提高了财务杠杆率。本文的结论证明我国非寿险保险公司再保险购买与资本结构选择的因果关系与现有的资本结构理论相符。本文的研究证实,再保险购买能够有效减少我国非寿险保险公司的偿付压力,可以为我国非寿险保险公司的业务拓展提供安全边际,从而以较低成本维持较高的财务杠杆比例。     

我国农业巨灾保险面临的问题与对策分析

在我国,农业遭受的自然灾害较为严重,灾害种类多样,受灾范围广泛,其中带来的损失十分严重的灾害主要是地震、洪水、台风这三类巨灾.但是目前我国尚未建立起有效的农业巨灾损失补偿机制,通过建立农业巨灾保险体系箭在弦上.农业巨灾保险对保护广大农民的利益,维持国家经济稳定有着积极的作用.但是我国农业巨灾保险还存在着有效需求不足,立法不完善,政府财政补贴不足,保险市场与再保险市场不完善等问题.本文认为我国可以建立以政府为主导政府和市场相结合的中国农业巨灾保险模式,同时可以加强立法,增加政府财政支持,建立农业巨灾保险基金,研究农业巨灾保险资本产品,促使农业巨灾再保险市场的大力发展,这样可以促进农业巨灾保险在我国的发展与完善.     

基于居民支付意愿的洪水保险定价研究

洪水保险的合理定价是制约洪水保险建立和推广的瓶颈之一,以往的洪水保险定价研究都是从供给的角度考虑的,而供给与需求之间存在差异。为了探索居民对于洪水保险的需求价格,从居民的洪水保险支付意愿出发,运用条件价值评估法(CVM法),借助调查问卷,实证分析得出:我国居民洪水保险支付意愿价格为81元,并分析了对于支付意愿的影响因素。     

再保险对车险业务价值的贡献研究

再保险是现代保险经营过程中不可缺少的重要环节,对减缓保险经营的波动风险、稳定保险业务的经营成果和提高保险资本的运营效率等方面均发挥着重要的积极作用。同样,在车险领域,对车险业务进行有针对性的再保险安排,能够在车险业务价值管理中起到积极的提升作用,对车险业务定价中的安全附加保费设定和资本成本效率提升都有着改善作用。本文是商业车险改革费率测算组有关车险业务价值研究课题的子课题之一,主要在经典的车险客户生命周期价值评估体系中引入再保险的价值贡献,通过引入资本成本变量来度量再保险对车险业务价值的贡献,并利用折现现金流(DCF)方法和经济附加值(EVA)方法结合相关数据对优化调整后的价值评估模型进行实证研究。     

中国再保险市场发展与风险管理

再保险是保险的保险。当直接保险公司对其承保的巨大或特殊的风险承受有困难时，就有必要通过再保险进一步分散风险，从而扩大承保能力，保障巨灾损失的有效分散。再保险和保险相辅相成、互相促进，保险是前提和基础，再保险是后盾和支柱。     

我国保险公司再保险监管研究

再保险,简而言之,就是对保险人的保险。再保险是保险人最重要的风险管理工具之一。从原保险人的角度看,再保险最本质的作用在于将风险转移给了再保险人,转移的程度依赖于再保合同的具体条款。不可忽视的是,再保险同样给原保险人带来风险:再保险人可能因偿付能力不足不能履行支付摊回赔款的义务。因而,再保计划不当可能给原保险人带来灾难性的打击。保险监管机构应充分考虑原保险人的再保计划,对原保险人再保险安排的监管技术应谨慎,如业务的质量,再保险人的质量等。     

发展我国农业保险的对策研究

我国农业保险存在供给主体不足、险种萎缩、保费收入下降等问题.制约我国农业保险发展的因素有农业保险制度不完善、农业保险需求不足、有效供给不足、农业再保险机制不完善等.因此,应从加快农业保险立法、建立财政支持制度、构建农业再保险体系等方面入手,使我国农业保险满足农业发展的需要.     

政策动态

北京率先建立政策性农业再保险新模式 市农委近日与瑞士再保险股份有限公司和中国再保险（集团）股份有限公司签署政策性农业再保险合作协议。市政府将直接出资为在北京从事政策性农业保险的保险公司购买再保险，在发生巨灾损失的情况下，再保险公司将直接向保险公司支付赔款，为其提供保障。这项协议主要为畜禽、果树和农作物提供针对传染病、畜禽疾病、雹灾、洪涝、风灾、暴风雨等风险的保险，覆盖约40万农户。     

Reinsurance for Natural and Man-Made Catastrophes in the United States: Current State of the Market and Regulatory Reforms

U.S. insurers are heavily dependent on global reinsurance markets to enable them to provide adequate primary market insurance coverage. This article reviews the response of the world's reinsurance industry to recent mega-catastrophes and provides recommendations for regulatory reforms that would improve the efficiency of reinsurance markets. The article also considers the supply of insurance and reinsurance for terrorism and makes recommendations for joint public–private responses to insuring terrorism losses. The analysis shows that reinsurance markets responded efficiently to recent catastrophe losses and that substantial amounts of new capital enter the reinsurance industry very quickly following major catastrophic events. Considerable progress has been made in improving risk and exposure management, capital allocation, and rate of return targeting. Insurance price regulation for catastrophe-prone lines of business is a major source of inefficiency in insurance and reinsurance markets. Deregulation of insurance prices would improve the efficiency of insurance markets, enabling markets to deal more effectively with mega-catastrophes. The current inadequacy of the private terrorism reinsurance market suggests that the federal government may need to remain involved in this market, at least for the next several years.     

Reinsurance and corporate taxation in the United Kingdom life insurance industry

There are two main tax-related arguments regarding the use of reinsurance – the income volatility reduction and the income level enhancement arguments. The income volatility reduction argument contends that firms facing convex tax schedules have incentives to hedge in order to reduce the volatility of their annual taxable income and thereby lower expected tax liabilities [Smith, C.W., Stulz, R.M., 1985. Optimal hedging policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 19, 127–140]. The income level enhancement argument, advanced by Adiel [Adiel, R., 1996. Reinsurance and the management of regulatory ratios and taxes in the property–casualty insurance industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics 22, 207–240], is more specific to hedging via reinsurance. This perspective holds that reinsurance enhances current reported earnings via the receipt of reinsurance commissions and so increases tax liabilities. Consequently, insurance firms with high marginal tax rates should use less reinsurance than those with low marginal tax rates if tax matters. Prior studies using data on financial derivatives have produced mixed results on the validity of the first argument, while Adiel (1996) finds the second argument insignificant in his study of the use of reinsurance by a sample of United States (US) property–liability insurance firms. This study tests the two tax-related arguments using 1992–2001 data for a sample of United Kingdom (UK) life insurance firms. We find that UK life insurers with low before-planning marginal tax rates tend to use more reinsurance; in contrast, tax convexity is found to have no significant impact on the purchase of reinsurance and so the volatility-reduction argument is not supported.     

THE REINSURANCE DECISION IN LIFE INSURANCE FIRMS: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE RISK-BEARING HYPOTHESIS

Several explanations have been advanced in the financial economics literature to explain the reinsurance decision in insurance firms. Prominent amongst these is the risk-bearing hypothesis which holds that reinsurance is motivated by the ability of residual claimants to effectively hedge against operational risk. Since the efficiency of risk-bearing is influenced by organisational factors, such as ownership structure and firm size, the amount of reinsurance should also vary according to the characteristics of insurance firms. This study tests empirically the hypothesis that reinsurance is related to firm-specific factors. Using 1988–1993 data gathered from New Zealand's life insurance industry, a fixed-effects covariance regression model is estimated. Consistent with expectations, the results indicate that reinsurance is associated with smaller and more highly leveraged life insurance entities, and companies with greater underwriting risk. However, contrary to predictions, it also appears that it is stocks and companies with diversified production that tend to reinsure. The risk-bearing hypothesis thus receives only partial support.     

Understanding the motivations of coastal residents to voluntarily purchase federal flood insurance

Federally-backed flood insurance is the primary mechanism by which residents in the United States (US) prepare for and recover from floods. While there is a growing literature on the general uptake of flood insurance, little work has been done to address the factors motivating residents to voluntarily buy and maintain federally-based insurance policies. We address this issue by conducting a survey of coastal residents in four localities in Texas and Florida. Based on survey responses, we quantitatively examine the factors influencing whether residents located outside of the 100-year floodplain obtain insurance policies when it is not required. Using two-sample t-tests and binary logistic regression analysis to control for multiple contextual and psychological variables, we statistically isolate the factors contributing most to the decision to purchase insurance. Our findings indicate that a resident located outside the 100-year floodplain who has voluntarily purchased federal flood insurance can be characterized, on average, as more highly educated, living in relatively expensive homes, and a long-time resident who thinks about flood hazard relatively infrequently but who, nonetheless, thinks flood insurance is relatively affordable. Unexpectedly, the physical proximity of a respondent to flood hazard areas makes little or no discernible difference in the decision to obtain flood insurance.     

Time-consistent reinsurance and investment strategies for an AAI under smooth ambiguity utility

This paper investigates time-consistent reinsurance(excess-of-loss, proportional) and investment strategies for an ambiguity averse insurer(abbr. AAI). The AAI is ambiguous towards the insurance and financial markets. In the AAI's attitude, the intensity of the insurance claims' number and the market price of risk of a stock can not be estimated accurately. This formulation of ambiguity is similar to the uncertainty of different equivalent probability measures. The AAI can purchase excess-of-loss or proportional reinsurance to hedge the insurance risk and invest in a financial market with cash and an ambiguous stock. We investigate the optimization goal under smooth ambiguity given in Klibanoff, P., Marinacci, M., & Mukerji, S. [(2005). A smooth model of decision making under ambiguity. Econometrica 73, 1849–1892], which aims to search the optimal strategies under average case. The utility function does not satisfy the Bellman's principle and we employ the extended HJB equation proposed in Björk, T. & Murgoci, A. [(2014). A theory of Markovian time-inconsistent stochastic control in discrete time. Finance and Stochastics 18(3), 545–592] to solve this problem. In the end of this paper, we derive the equilibrium reinsurance and investment strategies under smooth ambiguity and present the sensitivity analysis to show the AAI's economic behaviors.     

中国产险公司再保险决策的影响因素与调整机制研究--基于持续性与趋同性特征的分析

本文以2006~2017年中国39家产险公司的非平衡面板数据为研究样本,从产险公司再保险决策的持续性和趋同性特征入手,测度了固定效应和传统因素对再保险决策的解释能力,并首次探析了产险公司再保险决策的调整机制问题。本文运用方差分解方法量化了固定效应和传统因素对再保险决策的解释能力;采用分布滞后模型估计了传统因素对再保险决策的中长期影响;运用局部调整模型识别了固定效应和传统因素对再保险决策的影响机制。研究发现:受公司固定效应的影响,产险公司的再保险决策具有很强的持续性,每年主要是根据年份固定效应所代表的监管政策等宏观因素的变化做出迅速调整,而根据反映公司经营特征的传统因素的时间序列变化所做出的调整并不明显。基于上述结果,本文建议监管者应注重提升监管政策的针对性,引导产险公司在综合考量各项经营指标的基础上,把再保险作为全面风险管理、经营效率提升的一项中长期战略安排。     

Optimal insurance and reinsurance policies chosen jointly in the individual risk model

The paper studies the so-called individual risk model where both a policy of per-claim insurance and a policy of reinsurance are chosen jointly by the insurer in order to maximize his/her expected utility. The insurance and reinsurance premiums are defined by the expected value principle. The problem is solved under additional constraints on the reinsurer’s risk and the residual risk of the insured. It is shown that the solution to the problem is the following: The optimal reinsurance is a modification of stop-loss reinsurance policy, so-called stop-loss reinsurance with an upper limit; the optimal insurer’s indemnity is a combination of stop-loss- and deductible policies. The results are illustrated by a numerical example for the case of exponential utility function. The effects of changing model parameters on optimal insurance and reinsurance policies are considered.     

Die Aufsicht über Rückversicherungsunternehmen nach Solvency II

The impacts of the new regulatory system “Solvency II” on the reinsurance sector are not foreseeable in all details yet. This is true especially with regard to the business aspects of insurance and reinsurance. The legal consequences can be summarized as follows: (1) Solvency II for reinsurers and for primary insurers likewise stands for a paradigm shift in regulation. (2) With Solvency II primary insurance regulation and reinsurance regulation will be more aligned as has been the case according to the Solvency I system so far. (3) The specifics of reinsurance business will be taken into account in the Solvency II-directive as well. Many special provisions which are known from the reinsurance directive will remain in place.     

财务再保险与偿付能力最适边界和可解决域研究

偿付能力监管是现代保险监管方法的重要组成部分，更是衡量保险公司经营稳定与安全性的主要指标，如何改善偿付能力是保险业界必须讨论和研究的热点问题。再保险特别是财务再保险，由于其自身所具有的本质特性，将成为改善保险公司偿付能力的主要手段之一。本文基于再保险的角度去探索改善保险公司偿付能力的途径，从财务再保险的基本理论出发，介绍了财务再保险的定义、特征和分类，并结合保险公司偿付能力的有关知识分析了二者之间的关系。通过模型计算，得出了财务再保险与偿付能力最适边界和可解决域，这将极大的方便保险公司在购买财务再保险时的决策。     

我国产险公司再保险需求影响因素分析——基于BP神经网络方法的实证研究

本文在对我国产险公司再保险需求影响因素分析的基础上,选取1997年～2010年影响我国产险公司的宏观经济数据与内部企业数据,利用BP神经网络构建模型,对我国产险公司再保险需求进行拟合及测试(预测)分析,并采用MIV方法对各个变量进行相关性分析。本文实证研究结果表明,外部宏观经济因素对我国产险公司再保险需求影响较大,而内部因素影响效果不明显,我国产险公司再保险整体表现出"有效需求不足"的现象。