关于教育税税基的选择研究

我国目前不具备直接以“三税”为税基，以所得额为税基以及以财产额为税基新设教育税的条件，唯一可行的途径是以流转额为税基开征教育税。     

企业职工基本养老保险社会统筹与个人帐户相结合实施办法之一

企业职工基本养老保险社会统筹与个人帐户相结合实施办法之一一、基本养老保险费用的筹集基本养老保险费用由单位和个人共同负担。（一）个人缴纳养老保险费。职工本人上一年度月平均工资为个人缴费工资基数。月平均工资应按国家统计局规定列入工资总额统计的项目计算，其...     

财税政策应充分发挥调节收入分配职能

据报道，财政部近日明确了养老．医疗和失业三项保险免征个税，同时“单位和个人分别在不超过职工本人上一年度月平均工资12%的幅度内，其实际缴存的住房公积金允许在个人应纳税所得额中扣除”。在这项规定的背后，隐含的政策意义是通过个税征管细则的运用来间接提高起征点，为中低收入者提供税收优惠，实现财税政策应有的收入分配职能。     

从纳税意识到纳税人意识:公民意识下的探讨

<正>一、问题的提出:从调整个人所得税起征点说起在2009年两会上,个人所得税起征点又成为代表们热议的话题。近年来,个人所得税法的修改已成为公民关注的焦点问题。究其原因,起征点的高与低,直接关系到个人纳税的多与少。自2008年3月1日起,我国个税起征点已从1600元/月上调至2000元/月。很多学者认为我国公民的纳税意识很薄弱,但     

部分积累制下的社会保障税探究

受社会保障"碎片化"制度结构及社保"费"政策刚性不足等制度缺陷影响,社保费征缴中存在征管不力、地方政府违规减免缴费义务等问题,不仅导致基金欠收与精算失衡、企业名义负担重、实际负担不均,也难以应对更加公平的社会保障体制改革需要。为此,本文结合社保基金"统账结合"基本模式及城乡二元结构等现实国情,提出分别以个人所得税应纳税所得额和流转税为税基,建立"个人基金税"和"统筹基金税"双税目的社会保障税改革思路,通过宽税基、低税率和严征管,低成本地实现基金充足筹资与精算平衡、公平税负、降低负担以及公平与效率的有机统一,满足更加公平的社会保障体制改革的筹资需求。     

社会保障税制与政府责任的国际借鉴研究——兼论我国社会保险费改税问题

政府是社会保障独一无二的责任主体，当今世界各国政府都不同程度地承担起社会保障责任，3／4以上国家的社保支出在各项财政支出中居第一位或第二位。政府负责社会保障的根本目的是确保社会稳定，因此我国应更加重视社会保障工作。实行社保费改税是势所必然的选择，不存在税收的理论障碍。为了顺利推行社会保障税，必须降低税率，扩大税基和增加社保的财政支出。     

年终奖如何既依法纳税又避免多发少得

临近年底,很多职工翘首以盼自己的年终奖,其中＂年终奖要扣多少税？＂＂怎么发能到手多些？＂等自然成为了大家关心的话题。在实际操作过程中,因为税率、扣除标准的不同,也确实存在年终奖多1元却要多缴上千元个税的情况。针对这种情况,企事业单位和职工个人均应统筹安排,用好相关法规政策,既可依法纳税,又能维护个人权益。     

论奥巴马的新税政策对我国个人所得税制改革的启示

奥巴马新税政策的主要目的是通过拓宽税基,让富人成为主要的纳税主体,从而缩小社会收入差距,维护中、低收入家庭利益,减少贫困。它带给我国个人所得税制改革的启示,是在理念上一定要树立起让富人更多纳税的观念,通过调整税制结构,增加个人所得税比重,发挥个税在调整社会收入差距中的作用;通过拓宽税基,抬高个人所得税起征点,让富人成为主要纳税主体,从而实现税负公平,减少社会贫困,最终实现社会公平和正义。     

“营改增”的七项优惠政策

境内提供广告服务是否免缴文化事业建设费视情况而定问:在境内提供广告服务的单位和个人是否免缴文化事业建设费?答:财政部、国家税务总局《关于营业税改征增值税试点有关文化事业建设费征收管理问题的通知》(财综[2013]88号)规定,在境内提供广告服务的单位和个人,应按照本通知的规定缴纳文化事业建设费。另外,提供应税服务未达到增值税起征点的个人,免征文化事业建设费。增值税小规模纳税人中,月销售额不超过2万元(按季度纳税6万元)的企业和非企业性单位提供的应税服务,免征文化事业建设费。     

税收递延型养老保险缓缴税

近日有媒体报道称,税收递延型养老保险(下称"税延养老险")可能于年内在上海试点。税延养老保险,是指投保人在税前列支保费,在领取保险金时再缴纳个人所得税。一家养老保险公司的专家目前告诉记者,企业年金和个人商业养老保险都是补充养老的主要渠道,如果国家有意将其推广,保险公司的产品支持不成问题。税延养老险最高每月1000元所谓个税递延型养老保险,是指个人缴纳的保费在一定金额之内可以在税前工资中扣除,而在将来退休后领取保险金时再缴纳,这和目前个人收入纳税后才能购买商业保险有所不同。相关报道中提及的上海个人税延型养老保险产品定位为契约型养老保险;产品形式分为万能型和分红型;税收递延模式采取"税基递延"型,即在缴费及收益阶     

The Elasticity of Taxable Income in New Zealand*

This paper reports estimates of the elasticity of taxable income with respect to the net‐of‐tax rate for New Zealand taxpayers. The relative stability of the New Zealand personal income tax system, in terms of marginal rates, thresholds and the tax base, provides helpful conditions for deriving these estimates. The elasticity of taxable income was estimated to be substantially higher for the highest income groups. Changes in the timing of income flows for the higher income recipients were found to be an important response to the announcement of a new higher rate bracket. The marginal welfare costs of personal income taxation were consistent across years, being relatively small for all but the higher tax brackets. For the top marginal rate bracket of 39 per cent, the welfare cost of raising an extra dollar of tax revenue was estimated to be well in excess of a dollar. Implications of the findings are that: disincentive effects of high top marginal rates can be substantial even when labour supply responses are small; the welfare costs of increases in top marginal tax rates can be high; and announcement effects of tax policy changes can lead to considerable income shifting between time periods.     

与国际接轨还是坚持特色--有关我国个人所得税起征点的探讨

多数人认为我国现行个人所得税的起征点偏低,应该在一定程度上提高这个额度。然而,通过深入剖析,并结合我国的现实国情,则是应效仿有关国家低起征点的做法,切实与国际接轨,以利于全民普遍纳税的社会意识和氛围的形成。     

养老金计划与个人所得税政策

不同税制模式和个人所得税征税方式对养老金计划的影响不同,而养老金计划的个人所得税政策如何定位又主要取决于公共政策对储蓄以及不同储蓄形式的态度。比较国际实践,从税制模式、储蓄传统和长期资产管理来看,我国公共政策不需要鼓励养老金储蓄,但从金融体系的稳定和长远发展来看,又需要对养老金储蓄形式给予一定的鼓励。因此,我国个人所得税政策应该对其给予适当税收激励,但不需要很大力度。考虑到我国分类征收的个人所得税制,本文认为,我国个人所得税对养老金计划应该采取TEE模式(养老金缴款不允许税前扣除、对未支付的资本收益或资本利得不征税、对领取的全部养老金收入不征税)。     

关于居民企业"境外所得"几个税收问题的思考

本文在参照国际惯例的基础上,对在新企业所得税法中明确企业各项所得的来源地标准、境外经济组织的税收身份、境外所得的应纳税所得额和境外所得已纳税款的抵免等问题加以论述。     

应税消费品的界定、识别与调整——基于法律、技术与政治互动的税收逻辑

当前,我国消费税制改革与立法一体化工作的关键问题在于应税消费品的法治选择,该过程表现为立法框定、技术识别与政治调整的互动逻辑。在立法层面,针对现有应税消费品概念的语义抽象性,有必要在分析选择课税理论、梳理历史变迁的基础上,完成应税消费品概念的法律化和内涵化;在技术层面,基于典型税案中所暴露出的问题,应从形式和实质维度强化法律规则与技术标准的衔接;在政治层面,应从税制改革与税收法定的协调性、功能明晰与税目重构的关联性、选择课税与政治决策的程序化方面着力。     

Taxation of Interest Income

Why is interest income taxed so much more heavily than other forms of capital income? This differential tax treatment has generated substantial tax arbitrage, resulting in lower tax revenue, efficiency costs, and apparently net gains to rich borrowers and net losses to poor lenders, together suggesting that this tax treatment makes no sense on welfare grounds. In examining this argument more formally, this paper reveals two omitted considerations that can help explain the existing tax treatment. First, the forecasted increase in the market interest rate results in a redistribution from rich borrowers to poor lenders. Yet this redistribution comes at no marginal efficiency cost, starting from a situation with no distortions to portfolio choice, so at the margin dominates further redistribution through the income tax. In addition, information about an individual's portfolio choice reveals information about her earnings ability, even controlling for observed labor income, if those who are more able tend to be less risk averse. By making use of this extra information about earnings ability, the tax system can be better tailored to redistribute from able to less able, for any given efficiency cost.     

Removing Homeownership Bias in Taxation: The Distributional Effects of Including Net Imputed Rent in Taxable Income

The income tax systems of most countries entail a favourable treatment of homeownership, compared to rental‐occupied housing. Such ‘homeownership bias’ and its consequences for a wide range of economic outcomes have long been recognised in the economic literature. Although a removal of the homeownership bias is generally advocated on efficiency grounds, its distributional implications are often neglected, especially in a cross‐country perspective. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by investigating the first‐order effects, in terms of distribution of income and work incentives, of removing the income tax provisions favouring homeownership. We consider six European countries – Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK – that exhibit important variation in terms of income tax treatment of homeowners. Using the multi‐country tax benefit model EUROMOD, we analyse the distributional consequences of including net imputed rent in the taxable income definition that applies in each country, together with the removal of existing special tax treatments of incomes or expenses related to the main residence; thus, we provide a measure of the homeownership bias. We implement three tax policy scenarios. In the first, imputed rent is included in the taxable income of homeowners, while at the same time existing mortgage interest tax relief schemes and taxation of cadastral incomes are abolished. In the two further revenue‐neutral scenarios, the additional tax revenue raised through the taxation of imputed rent is redistributed to taxpayers, through either a tax rate reduction or a tax exemption increase. The results show how including net imputed rent in the tax base might affect inequality in each of the countries considered. Housing taxation appears to be a promising avenue for raising additional revenues, or lightening taxation of labour, with no inequality‐increasing side effects.     

The use of accounting information in the tax base in the Pillar 2 global minimum tax: a discussion of the rules,potential problems,and possible alternatives

In this paper, I provide a high-level, non-technical review of how accounting information is used in Pillar 2 and what this means for the tax base. In addition, I discuss potential problems of using accounting data explicitly in a minimum tax and then, specifically, as the starting point for the computation of the income measures in Pillar 2. I then discuss several alternative solutions that may be simpler – or at least no more complex – and, importantly, pose fewer problems in terms of the quality of financial accounting information and the information available to capital markets.     

Fundamental Tax Reform in The Netherlands

The Netherlands has abolished the tax on actual personal capital income and has replaced it by a presumptive capital income tax, which is in fact a net wealth tax. This paper contrasts this wealth tax with a conventional realization-based capital gains tax, a retrospective capital gains tax with interest on the deferred tax, and a mark-to-market tax which taxes capital gains as they accrue. We conclude that the effective and neutral taxation of capital income can best be ensured through a combination of (a) a mark-to-market tax to capture the returns on easy-to-value financial products, and (b) a capital gains tax with interest to tax the returns on hard-to-value real estate and small businesses.     

关于新一轮个人所得税调整的思考——工资薪金改革角度的探讨

近些年以来,个人所得税的改革一直都是大众所关心的话题。本文首先对此次新一轮个人所得税的改革做一个简单的回顾,通过较为详细的数据对比,分析了年终奖在缴纳个人所得税时,存在奖金增加反而税后收入减少的现象,然后以新、旧个人所得税法间的比较为出发点,对新个人所得税法可能产生的诸多影响进行简单的探讨。