银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(一)非现场稽核预警及其发展趋势

编者按 风险防范是金融界一个永恒的话题.从1991年国际商业信贷银行倒闭、1995年具有233年历史的英国巴林银行被收购,到1997年发生的东南亚、东亚、俄罗斯、巴西、阿根廷等一系列金融危机,都反复证明了金融风险防范的重要性.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(二)非现场稽核预警系统总体设计

目前,美、英、法、德等发达国家金融机构的日常监管主要依靠非现场监管.与现场监管相比,非现场监管更具全面性、连续性和预警性,它既可同时对所有分支机构的经营状况进行各种分析比较,全面反映银行经营业务的整体情况;又能根据各分支机构的业务情况进行动态跟踪与实时连续性分析,及时发现问题并发出预警信号.1996年开始,中国人民银行对国内商业银行的监管方式从以现场检查为主向以非现场监管为主转变,建立和完善非现场监管体系已成为国内各银行监管部门的一项主要工作.     

Bidder returns and merger anticipation: Evidence from banking deregulation

This paper examines the anticipated components of bidder returns by focusing on the banking industry around the passage of interstate deregulation (Riegle Neal Act of 1994). Overall, firms that became bidders after Riegle Neal have large significant positive returns during its passage. Moreover, these positive wealth effects are significantly larger than the effects at the merger announcement. These results suggest that bidder returns are anticipated and focusing only on narrow event windows underestimates gains to bidders. Finally, the positive bidder returns appear to provide evidence against both the entrenchment and hubris hypotheses. Additional tests provide evidence to suggest that mergers are motivated by synergy rather than disciplinary motives.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(五)计算机舞弊审计

当我国加入世贸组织后面临以信用为准绳的全球竞争时,"打造诚信中国"的提议便应运而生了.中国已经迈开信用机制法制化的步伐:信用制度的建立已被正式列入"十五"规划.在重塑"诚信中国"的进程中,只有有效地揭露和打击欺诈、造假等营私舞弊行为,让失信者在社会上没有立足之地,信用制度才能建立起来.稽核审计部门应该在揭露和打击经济领域中的贪污、盗窃、伪造财务报表、篡改会计记录等违法犯罪的舞弊行为方面,发挥其应有的作用.为此,研究和借鉴西方发达国家在计算机舞弊审计方面的经验教训是非常必要的.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(六)计算机审计技术方法

全球经济一体化和科学技术信息化的发展进程,促进了电子商务系统的不断普及,并使企业管理朝着信息化的方向快速发展.企业计算机会计系统的推广应用,使传统的手工稽核监督手段发生了重大变化,计算机审计便应运而生了.对于计算机审计的概念,国外学者认为,计算机审计是对电子数据处理(EDP)系统的审计;以计算机为审计工具,辅助审计人员开展的审计工作称为计算机辅助审计.国内的专家学者则普遍认为,审计人员是第一位的和最重要的.目前,国际审计界习惯把对计算机电子数据处理系统(EDP)的审计称为计算机审计.     

银行系统非现场监管与计算机审计实务系列讲座(四)银行计算机应用系统的风险控制

网络通信技术的发展,使电子商务成为银行不断创新金融服务的有力手段.但是,网络通信也面临计算机犯罪和黑客攻击等诸多威胁.为此,加强防范金融领域的计算机犯罪将是一项复杂艰巨的长期任务.在银行计算机应用系统中,对会计、资金管理等核心业务系统的风险防范至关重要.只有强化计算机应用的内部风险控制体系,才能防范金融风险,保障银行业务的安全、稳健运行.会计系统是银行业各种计算机应用系统的核心,也是银行监管工作的重点.下面就以计算机会计系统为例,介绍银行计算机应用系统的风险控制.     

The implication of banking competition: Evidence from African countries

This paper examines how bank efficiency and stability are affected by the market power in Africa. Our results show that the higher degree of market power is associated with high level of efficiency and profitability. The banks with more market power operating are able to be in command of the price and hence improve their profit. The market power has a benefit in both stability and risk. Hence, gain in market will increase the stability and reduce the risk for banking system. Our findings do not support the argument that competition should not be based on a “quiet life hypothesis”.     

Customer emotional regulation and relationship quality: Evidence from the banking industry

The aim of this paper is twofold: first to examine the extent to which customer perceptions of employee deep/surface acting influence customer deep/surface acting; second to assess the degree to which customer deep/surface acting strengthens/weakens the level of relationship quality (RQ). Survey data were collected from (291) respondents from 13 banks located in Jordan. Two key findings emerged from the current study. First, when customers encountered authentic employees (i.e., deep acting), they were more likely to modify their internal feelings to match the required displays, and less likely to express unauthentic emotions. On the other hand, when customers encountered unauthentic emotions, they were less likely to express unauthentic emotions. Second, customer deep acting is found to be positively associated with relationship satisfaction, commitment, and trust, whereas customer surface acting is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction and trust. This study adds to the body of knowledge on the antecedents of RQ through identifying customer emotional regulation as a key determinant of that.     

Adverse Information and Dealer Spreads: Evidence from Dutch Auction Repurchases

The Dutch auction repurchase has become an increasingly popular alternative to open market repurchases and self-tender offers for the distribution of earnings to shareholders. In a Dutch auction, the repurchase price is not determined by a managerial decision, but by shareholders. The extent to which a Dutch auction signals private information is tested by examining stock returns and bid-ask spreads. Stock prices increase and bid-ask spreads widen during the announcement of a Dutch auction; prices decrease and spreads narrow at expiration. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the final repurchase price, Dutch auctions initially increase the risk to which security dealers are exposed. As information asymmetry among managers, investors, and dealers is reduced at expiration, security dealers no longer need to protect themselves from information trades.     

Internal marketing and employee commitment: Evidence from the Ghanaian banking industry

Attracting the right mix of employees and getting them committed to the goals and objectives of the organization is a major issue facing service organizations. Scholars have recommended that internal marketing is positively associated with employee commitment but little empirical research exists that has examined the relationship between internal marketing and employee commitment especially in the financial services sector. The current study investigated four internal marketing practices – empowerment, rewards, training and development, and communication and their impact on employee commitment in the retail banking industry. Using data from 410 employees of banks in Ghana, the empirical results indicated that, with the exception of communication, the factors are positively associated with employee commitment. The study concludes that in order to influence employee behaviour in the banking industry in Ghana, bank management must implement measures that provide direct benefits to employees. The strategic implications of the findings are discussed in the article.     

俄罗斯银行业发展和监管的特点与启示

俄罗斯银行业发展与监管呈现出六大特点,显示了俄银行危机后银行体系兼顾绩效和稳健的发展路径,也反映出其在战略思想上的一些重要转变。中俄两国同属经济转轨国家,银行业面临的机遇与挑战也有很多相似之处,俄罗斯的经验对于我国银行业具有重要的借鉴和启示意义。     

Uncertainty and currency crises: Evidence from survey data

How does uncertainty about fundamentals affect speculation in the foreign exchange markets? This paper studies empirically the role of uncertainty in currency crises. Uncertainty, which is measured using the dispersion of survey forecasts of key macroeconomic variables, is found to have a non-monotonic effect on exchange rate pressures: it heightens speculative pressures when expected fundamentals are good and eases them when they are bad. This prediction is consistent with a broad class of currency crisis theories, ranging from first-generation to global-game models. The proposed empirical strategy remains valid in the presence of forecasters with strategic objectives and addresses potential endogeneity bias by building a novel set of instrumental variables.     

Managing specific accruals vs. structuring transactions: Evidence from banking industry

This study investigates earnings management through managing specific accruals vs. structuring transactions in the banking industry. This paper explores the circumstances under which banks manipulate loan loss provisions vs. circumstances that lead banks to structure loan sales and securitizations for the purpose of achieving earnings benchmarks. Empirical results show that banks manage earnings through loan loss provisions, before resorting to structuring transactions, to avoid small earnings decreases and or just meet or beat analysts' forecasts. The findings imply that structuring loan sales and securitizations is more likely to be used as a secondary instrument. In addition, I find that the earnings of banks with lower discretionary loan loss provisions and higher discretionary gains from loan sales and securitizations are priced more negatively, suggesting that investors impose incremental penalties on the joint use of loan loss provisions and gains from loan sales and securitization to meet or beat earnings benchmarks.     

Momentum or contrarian investment strategies: Evidence from Dutch institutional investors

This paper analyses investment strategies of three types of Dutch institutional investors - pension funds, life insurers and non-life insurers - over the period 1999-2005. We use balance sheet and cash flow data, including purchases and sales of equity, fixed income and real estate. We trace asset reallocations back to both active trading and revaluations and link investment decisions to firm-specific characteristics and macroeconomic variables. Overall, our results indicate that all three investor types tend to be contrarian traders, i.e. they buy past losers and sell past winners. Especially pension funds showed this behaviour in the most turbulent part of the sample - the crash of 2002 and early 2003 - implying that these institutions have a stabilising impact on financial markets when this is needed most. Life insurers tend to be contrarian traders when they have a high proportion of unit-linked policies, while non-life insurers are contrarian when they have a more risky business model.     

关于我国网上银行营销及监管问题的研究

一、研究背景 1.网上银行的定义 关于网上银行的定义,不同国家、地区及组织各有不同的说法.我国金融标准化工作正处于建设过程中,迄今为止尚未有网上银行定义的准确披露,仅在中国人民银行2001年7月9日发布的《网上银行业务管理暂行办法》中有"本办法所称网上银行业务,是指银行通过因特网提供的金融服务"字样,算是目前国内对网上银行的官方描述.     

On the implications of market power in banking: Evidence from developing countries

This paper investigates how different degrees of market power affect bank efficiency and stability in the context of developing economies. It sheds light on the competition-stability nexus by documenting and analyzing the complex interactions between a tripod of variables that are central for regulators: the degree of market power, bank cost and profit efficiency, and overall firm stability. The results show that an increase in the degree of market power leads to greater bank stability and enhanced profit efficiency, despite significant cost efficiency losses. The findings lend empirical justification to the traditional view that increased competition may undermine bank stability, and may bear significant implications for stressed banking systems in developing economies.     

Eliminating entry barriers for the provision of banking services: Evidence from ‘banking correspondents’ in Brazil

This paper shows that the contractual arrangement of ‘banking correspondents’ has eliminated entry barriers for the provision of banking services in Brazil. With the bank correspondents, banks are allowed to reach the almost 2200 municipalities without bank branches in 2000, connecting 45 million people to the financial sector. The evidence is based on the estimation of an entry model of financial providers in Brazilian municipalities. I estimate a zero population entry threshold for banking correspondents for the period from 2002 to 2007. The estimated population entry thresholds for bank branches in the same period are relatively stable at approximately 8000–9000 people. The population entry thresholds for the second to fifth players for banking correspondents are also consistently lower than those for bank branches.     

The market for certification by external parties: Evidence from underwriting and banking relationships

This paper provides evidence that an underwriter is better able to certify an equity issue if it has a lending relationship with the firm. An announcement of being underwritten by the firm’s lending-relationship bank reduces ex post information asymmetry, thereby improving the announcement return. Further, because this reduction in information asymmetry effectively disseminates what was previously the lending bank’s private information, it decreases its affiliated market maker’s information advantage, thus reducing its contribution to price discovery and liquidity. These results provide evidence on the value of information production and transmission by banks, and more generally on the role of external parties in reducing information asymmetry.     

Multinational banking and the international transmission of financial shocks: Evidence from foreign bank subsidiaries

Using bank-level data on 368 foreign subsidiaries of 68 multinational banks in 47 emerging economies during 1994–2008, we present consistent evidence that internal capital markets in multinational banking contribute to the transmission of financial shocks from parent banks to foreign subsidiaries. We find that internal capital markets transmit favorable and adverse shocks by affecting subsidiaries’ reliance on their own internal funds for lending. We also find that the transmission of financial shocks varies across types of shocks; is strongest among subsidiaries in Central and Eastern Europe, followed by Asia and Latin America; is global rather than regional; and becomes more conspicuous in recent years. We also explore various conditions under which the international transmission of financial shocks via internal capital markets in multinational banking is stronger, including the subsidiaries’ reliance on funds from their parent bank, the subsidiaries’ entry mode, and the capital account openness and banking market structure in host countries.     

The relevance of earnings and cash flows in a heavily regulated industry: Evidence from the Greek banking sector

This study examines the informational quality of annual accounting earnings within Greek banking institutions taking into consideration the most significant risks facing by such firms and specifically interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and solvency risk, alongside with the persistence of earnings and bank size as significant determinants of ERCs. Data analysis over a period of ten years (1995-2004) revealed that earnings have higher incremental importance in explaining stock return movements compared to cash flows since earnings change has been found to affect stock returns positively. Additionally, interest rate risk has a positive but not significant impact on the return-earnings relation but on the contrary solvency risk, credit risk and liquidity risk proved to have a negative impact on the valuation process for both small and big-sized banks. Finally, tests on the incremental informativeness of cash flows when earnings are transitory provide significant results suggesting that investors seek for alternative measures of banks' performance when earnings are characterized by increased extremity but inversely cash flows and earnings seem to be equally value relevant when investors evaluate big-sized banking institutions. The results are generally robust to the specification of the empirical models and the research design employed in our study.