非常规货币政策退出：文献综述与研究展望

非常规货币政策是国际金融危机期间主要经济体中央银行缓解流动性压力、提振市场信心以及压低融资成本重振经济的重要举措。随着美联储开始逐步退出量化宽松政策。非常规货币政策退出成为各方关注的焦点。非常规货币政策退出会带来怎样的冲击？如何把握退出节奏？本文从非常规货币政策退出的内涵、原因、策略以及影响等角度对主要文献进行了总结．提出了进一步研究的几个方向。     

非常规货币政策退出的战略分析及建议

目前，国际金融危机爆发已有两年多的时间，各国经济刺激政策的效果已经显现，经济下滑的趋势得到遏制，全球经济出现复苏迹象。许多国家尤其是经济复苏明显的国家，均酝酿或开始了经济刺激政策退出的进程。其中，货币政策退出是经济实体和公众关注的焦点之一。本文从非常规货币政策退出的背景入手，对政策退出的战略（包括时机、策略、工具等方面）进行研究，并提出关于我国现阶段货币政策退出的对策建议。     

论美联储量化宽松的退出策略

全球经济危机袭来，美联储、英格兰银行等各大央行纷纷采取了购买长期国债的非常规手段，即所谓的量化宽松货币政策。量化宽松政策乃迫不得己而为之，但也可能带来负面影响和构成潜在风险，做好量化宽松的退出准备，对于政策生效和控制风险具有非常重要的意义。为此，本文在分析量化宽松理论依据的基础上，探讨了退出策略的重要性，并对美联储量化宽松的退出策略进行了分析，表明其需要进一步完善量化宽松的退出策略。     

次贷危机后美联储非常规货币政策及退出机制分析——基于美联储资产负债表的视角

次贷危机发生后,很多国家中央银行都采取了大量的非常规货币政策来确保金融系统的稳定和促进经济增长,尤其以美联储的非常规货币政策最具代表性。虽然非常规货币政策复杂多变,但是通常在央行资产负债表中清晰记录。借助于美联储资产负债表,能够全面梳理次贷危机后美联储的非常规货币政策,有助于深入理解非常规货币政策的实施和退出机制。     

欧洲中央银行应对经济危机货币政策操作及相关分析

欧洲中央银行为应对金融危机和主权债务危机适时调整了政策利率,并采取了支持欧元区融资环境和信贷支持的一系列非常规货币政策。本文对金融危机以来欧洲中央银行采取的货币政策进行了梳理,分析了制定执行这些政策措施的背景,指出非常规货币政策并未取代利率决策,而是一种补充,旨在确保常规货币政策产生既定效应,当受损的传导机制恢复正常后,这些非常规货币政策将会退出。     

美联储非常规货币政策退出对国际资本流动的影响

美联储非常规货币政策促进了国内经济繁荣和世界经济复苏,货币政策的溢出效应加剧了国际资本流动。随着美联储非常规货币政策退出,其对新兴市场经济体的资本流动将产生冲击,并对国际金融市场产生深远影响。     

积极应对“后QE时代”人民币贬值预期

实际上,美联储退出非常规货币政策导致大规模的资本流出,将可能使得我国境内流动性紧张。因此,境内货币政策应进行适当调整。 3N20日,美联储发布了今年第二次FOMC（联邦公开市场委员会）会议决议,这也是美联储新任主席耶伦首次出席会议后的新闻发布会。这次会议表明,美联储正在加快退出非常规的货币政策（QE）,提前进入加息周期。美联储货币政策变化动向,将对全球和中国经济产生深刻影响。     

金融危机期间非常规货币政策"退出"问题简析——美联储的案例及其启示

为应对自1929年大萧条以来最为严重的金融危机,美联储积极配合美国政府的救援计划,采取一系列应对金融危机的非常规措施。随着近期全球经济出现企稳回升迹象,国际社会对非常规政策何时退出问题的讨论日益增多。本文在回顾美联储主席伯南克在危机前有关应对通货紧缩和金融危机的重要学术观点的基础上,对美联储非常规货币政策退出的可能方式、时机、顺序等进行分析,并探讨退出政策的潜在影响及其启示。     

美联储非常规货币政策框架北大核心CSSCISSCI

金融危机后,主要依靠美联储非常规货币政策,美国经济避免滑向通缩,实现了缓慢复苏。尽管非常规货币政策框架基本具有危机前传统货币政策框架的主要特点,但非常规货币政策的理念、目标、工具、传导渠道等仍有诸多不同之处:(1)在长期通胀预期稳定的情况下强调最大就业;(2)过度宽松、稳定通胀预期及以平衡方式实现美联储双重目标的政策策略;(3)最优控制和成本收益比较的政策规则;(4)资产负债表工具和利率前瞻性指引的政策工具;(5)以资产组合平衡渠道和未来短期利率预期渠道为主的政策传导渠道;(6)"先量后价"、多工具组合和缓慢渐进的非常规货币政策退出,等等。危机后的这种非常规货币政策框架是传统政策框架的扩展和延伸,丰富了传统货币政策框架的内涵。     

后危机时期超宽松货币政策退出战略研究

随着全球经济的复苏,此次全球金融危机时期实行的超宽松货币政策的退出已经提上议事日程。超宽松货币政策的退出战略涉及退出的原因、次序、时机、方式,退出时与公众的沟通、与财政政策的协调和国际协调等。在欧元区,欧洲央行在当时采取的非常规货币政策措施主要有5个,退出没有技术上的障碍,退出战略相对简单。在美国,随着金融状况的改善,银行会减少对联储短期贷款资金的需求,会自然导致联储资产负债表收缩,即使联储资产负债表短期内不能大规模削减,也会采取紧缩货币的措施。我国宽松货币政策退出的时机不仅受国内宏观经济、金融状况的影响,也要参考欧美等主要国家和地区的退出战略。     

The Credit Channel at the Zero Lower Bound through the Lens of Equity Prices

This study examines the impact of unconventional monetary policies on the stock market when the short‐term nominal interest rate is stuck at the zero lower bound (ZLB). Unconventional monetary policies appear to have significant effects on stock prices and the effects differ across stocks. In agreement with existing credit channel theories, I find that firms subject to financial constraints react more strongly to unconventional monetary policy shocks [especially large‐scale asset purchases (LSAPs)] than do less constrained firms. These results imply that the credit channel is as important as the interest rate channel in the transmission of unconventional monetary policies at the ZLB.     

各国央行非常规货币政策综述

美国次贷危机爆发以来,全球金融系统和实体经济遭遇了严重冲击,为了有效缓解负面冲击,各国央行纷纷推出各种宽松性货币政策,但在实际应用中,传统货币政策不能有效克制危机,美联储等央行纷纷求助于量化宽松等新型非常规货币政策。目前来看,非常规货币政策产生了积极影响,美国等经济体实现了就业的改善、金融系统的稳定和经济增长的复苏。为全面了解货币政策,本文系统归纳了美联储等央行采取的各类非常规货币政策,探讨了非常规货币政策的实施途径及效能得失,并总结了美联储采取非常规货币政策的主要经验。     

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on transmission of monetary policy to financial markets

This study uses event-study methodology to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the transmission of monetary policy to financial markets, based on a sample of 37 countries with severe pandemics. Financial markets include government bond, stock, exchange rate and credit default swap markets. The results suggest that the emergence of pandemic has weakened the transmission of monetary policy to financial markets to a more significant degree. During our sample period following the outbreak of pandemic, neither conventional nor unconventional monetary policies have significant effects on all four of the financial markets. Of course, the unconventional monetary policies are slightly more effective as they can affect the stock and exchange rate markets to some extent. Therefore, in the post-pandemic period, if the monetary policy is used to stimulate financial markets, stronger policy adjustments, or other macro policies such as fiscal policies, may be needed to achieve the desired effect     

Corporate debt and unconventional monetary policy: The risk-taking channel with bond and loan contracts

We investigate the effects of unconventional monetary policies on corporate debt through the risk-taking channel using corporate bond and syndicated loan contracts from 2000 to 2016 in Japan. In this period, the policy rate remained fixed near the zero bound. Using the daily changes in the yield curve on monetary policy meeting days, we identify one call rate shock and two unconventional monetary policy shocks that do not affect short-term rates. We find that QE shocks, which move all medium-to-long-term rates, increase the maturity of debt contracts, especially for syndicated loans. In addition, such QE shocks decrease the size of corporate bonds with short maturity. On the other hand, QQE shocks, which raise medium-term rates and lower long-term rates, decrease the size of loans and corporate bonds with longer maturity. These effects imply the existence of the risk-taking channel of unconventional monetary policy: it stimulates investment in longer-maturity assets and decreases investment in assets with lower yields. Our findings show that unconventional policies affect debt contracts even in an extremely low interest rate environment.     

The Effectiveness of Unconventional Monetary Policy at the Zero Lower Bound: A Cross‐Country Analysis

This paper assesses the macroeconomic effects of unconventional monetary policies by estimating a panel vector autoregression (VAR) with monthly data from eight advanced economies over a sample spanning the period since the onset of the global financial crisis. It finds that an exogenous increase in central bank balance sheets at the zero lower bound leads to a temporary rise in economic activity and consumer prices. The estimated output effects turn out to be qualitatively similar to the ones found in the literature on the effects of conventional monetary policy, while the impact on the price level is weaker and less persistent. Individual country results suggest that there are no major differences in the macroeconomic effects of unconventional monetary policies across countries, despite the heterogeneity of the measures that were taken.     

Monetary policy and commodity markets: Unconventional versus conventional impact and the role of economic uncertainty

This study explores the impact of both conventional and unconventional monetary policies in the US and the Euro area on the mean and volatility of certain commodity prices. The analysis considers the prices of eight commodities, i.e. oil, natural gas, gold, silver, aluminium, copper, platinum, and nickel, while the methodology employs the EGARCH-X modelling approach. The empirical findings clearly document that (i) the direction of the impact of both conventional and unconventional monetary policy on commodity returns and commodity volatility is similar and (ii) the impact from unconventional monetary policy on both commodity returns and volatility is relatively more pronounced, while these findings hold valid, irrespective of the geographical region and commodity type. Further investigation of the disparity on the size of the impact through the prism of economic uncertainty reveals that unconventional monetary policy has a stronger effect on economic uncertainty, thereby offering an indirect channel of monetary policy transmission on commodity markets.     

非传统货币政策的退出指标和时机选择

应对金融危机的非传统货币政策实施以来,其退出问题日益成为国际关注的焦点。本文从货币政策传导机制理论出发,分析了危机状态下传统货币政策传导如何受阻,非传统货币政策如何影响受阻环节的市场因素来修复传导机制。本文以此为依据,构建了选择非传统货币政策退出时机的指标体系,针对不同操作手段、操作目标选取相应的金融市场指标和宏观经济指标。在此基础上本文分析了这些指标在政策实施前后的表现,并探讨美国、英国和欧元区国家等主要发达经济体非传统货币政策退出的时机选择。     

日本超宽松货币政策的历程、效果及启示

日本央行提前启动了开放式资产购买措施,显示了尽快实现2％通胀目标的决心,但其会否重蹈历史的覆辙,还是会一举扭转日本经济长期的窘境,值得关注。文章在梳理日本央行长期实施超宽松政策历程的基础上,分析日本超宽松政策的效果,探究其陷入“流动性陷阱”的原因,并从中总结实施超宽松货币政策的经验和教训,以便能更好地理解货币宽松政策的传导机制、效果与局限性。     

Unconventional monetary policy announcements and risk aversion: evidence from the U.S. and European equity markets

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the role of unconventional monetary policy announcements on risk aversion – as proxied by the variance premium – by using panel data analysis. The objective of this empirical analysis is to investigate the risk-taking channel of monetary policy for the major European and U.S. equity markets by studying the impact that the announcements of an unconventional monetary policy has on market uncertainty and risk perception. By measuring the difference between risk-neutral and realised and conditional variance, we estimate the variance premium, which captures the impact that pricing concerns have on the prices of options. The empirical analysis indicates that easing monetary policies can significantly reduce the variance premium. In addition, we examine the risk premium structure across markets to determine the potential differences in investors’ risk aversion.     

The impact of monetary policy on corporate bonds under regime shifts

We study the effects of a conventional monetary expansion, quantitative easing, and the maturity extension program on corporate bond yields using impulse response functions obtained from flexible models with regimes. Using a three-state Markov switching model with time-homogeneous vector autoregressive (VAR) coefficients that emerges from a systematic model specification search, we find that unconventional policies may have been generally expected to decrease both corporate yields and spreads. However, even though the sign of the responses is the one desired by policymakers, the size of the estimated effects depends on the assumptions regarding the decline in long-term Treasury yields caused by unconventional policies, on which considerable uncertainty remains. Further tests based on yield spreads and a variable that measures inflation expectations show that, in the crisis regime, unconventional monetary policies do not produce any perverse effects on expected inflation. These results prove robust to adopting a framework that allows VAR coefficients to break, to imposing coefficient restrictions that increase parsimony, and to a range of different ordering schemes that identify shocks in alternative ways.