现行主要税种税收超额负担分析

税收超额负担是超过政府所征集的税收收入而形成的社会净福利损失。税收超额负担是税收效率分析的核心，它可以借助于消费者和生产者剩余以及无差异曲线进行分析，分析过程应更关注征税引起的价格变动的替代效应，我国现行主体税种都不同程度地破坏了各种市场资源配置的均衡条件，降低了经济运行效率，产生了超额负担。通过对税收超额负担的分析能够得出有助于提高资源配置效率的各种结论。     

企业所得税改革对公司股权资本成本的影响分析

本文基于沪深A股上市公司的经验数据,分析了2008年我国企业所得税改革对公司股权资本成本的具体影响及影响机制。研究发现:企业所得税改革促使上市公司总体平均股权资本成本下降;企业所得税改革对公司股权资本成本的影响是间接的,公司融资政策作为企业所得税改革影响公司股权资本成本的重要渠道,不仅发挥了完全中介作用,也发挥了调节作用。     

财政部 海关总署国家税务总局 关于支持芦山地震灾后恢复重建有关税收政策问题的通知

一、关于减轻企业税收负担的税收政策 1．对受灾地区损失严重的企业,免征企业所得税。2．自2013年4月20日起,对受灾地区企业通过公益性社会团体、县级以上人民政府及其部门取得的抗震救灾和灾后恢复重建款项和物资,以及税收法律、法规规定和国务院批准的减免税金及附加收入,免征企业所得税。     

贷款损失准备和预期损失 对商业银行资本充足率指标的影响

2014年4月,银监会核准了工、农、中、建、交、招商等六家银行实施资本管理高级方法,标志着我国银行业风险治理能力建设开始迈上新台阶。值得注意的是,按照高级方法的要求,商业银行资本充足率与贷款损失准备和预期损失密切相关。超额贷款损失准备可计入二级资本,同时,并行期有关资本底线的要求,使风险加权资产的计算变得更加复杂。     

关于企业所得税资产损失资料留存备查有关事项的公告

为了进一步深化税务系统"放管服"改革,简化企业纳税申报资料报送,减轻企业办税负担,现就企业所得税资产损失资料留存备查有关事项公告如下: 一、企业向税务机关申报扣除资产损失,仅需填报企业所得税年度纳税申报表《资产损失税前扣除及纳税调整明细表》,不再报送资产损失相关资料.相关资料由企业留存备查.     

国际税收竞争、资本管制与企业所得税负担调整

在经济全球化的背景下,为争夺国际资本,各国都实行了相当优惠的公司所得税政策。但是,减税等国际税收竞争措施的作用是不确定的,一国应采取的国际税收竞争战略与其国家规模、资本管制政策等因素密切相关。面对近年来引进外国直接投资(FDI)增速放缓和逐步放松资本管制的大背景,我国必须抓住内外资企业所得税制度合并的有利时机,合理调整我国企业所得税负担。     

降低上市公司实际所得税与中国资本市场税收体系的完善

《国务院关于推进资本市场改革开放和稳定发展若干意见》（以下简称《若干意见》）中明确指出要“完善资本市场税收政策”。企业所得税是影响公司税后利润的重要因素，该项负担的高低将直接影响到公司的最终业绩，影响到投资者对公司的价值判断及其投资行为，进而从整体上对证券市场产生影响。     

中国公司所得税对外商直接投资的吸引力:因素剖析与能力重构

在经济全球化的背景下,许多国家降低或取消了资本限制和外汇管制,国家间公司所得税的差异成为少数几个影响国际资本流量和流向的因素之一。本文参考国外最新研究成果,将影响公司所得税对外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment,简称FDI)吸引力的因素分为两大类13个指标,即“税收负担水平”类和“税制完善程度”类。并认为,在内外资企业所得税合并后,针对FDI的税收负担水平可能会有所上升,但我们可以借此机会,进一步完善税制,以“税制完善程度”类的加分抵消“税收负担水平”类的减分,重构公司所得税对FDI的吸引能力。     

投资内生化的企业融资适应能力和超额收益信息动态研究

将内生化资本投资与融资引入超额收益动态模型,对公司当期盈利能力、资本投资融资与未来盈利能力之间的逻辑关系进行研究。发现在资本投资与融资内生化情形中,未来超额收益与当期超额收益之间为非线性信息动态,而不是简单的线性信息动态,同时表明公司 t+1期超额收益与 t 期超额收益之间的斜率和曲率受融资适应能力的影响。     

支付系统发展与超额准备金需求变动

本文介绍了我国支付系统的主要发展阶段、超额准备金需求变动的理论基础及支付系统发展对超额准备金需求的影响.研究发现,支付系统的发展降低了商业银行对超额准备金的需求,降低了商业银行超额准备金率的方差,提高了商业银行对超额准备金机会成本的敏感程度,更重要的是它可能影响央行法定存款准备金制度的效果.     

Fundamental Tax Reform in The Netherlands

The Netherlands has abolished the tax on actual personal capital income and has replaced it by a presumptive capital income tax, which is in fact a net wealth tax. This paper contrasts this wealth tax with a conventional realization-based capital gains tax, a retrospective capital gains tax with interest on the deferred tax, and a mark-to-market tax which taxes capital gains as they accrue. We conclude that the effective and neutral taxation of capital income can best be ensured through a combination of (a) a mark-to-market tax to capture the returns on easy-to-value financial products, and (b) a capital gains tax with interest to tax the returns on hard-to-value real estate and small businesses.     

新旧企业所得税制度的差异比较

从2008年1月1日起,我国的企业所得税制度合二为一。新的企业所得税制度与原制度相比,在纳税人、纳税义务、税率、收入、扣除、资产的税务处理、应纳税所得额的计算、境外所得税收抵免、税收优惠和反避税管理等方面均有突出的变化,标志着新制度更具有科学性、规范性和国际性,对推进我国社会主义市场经济建设,促进改革开放和社会主义和谐社会的建立都具有深远的意义。     

Income Shifting in the Spanish Dual Income Tax*

Based on a model of behavioural response to taxes, and using the Taxpayers Panel from the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales for the period 1999–2009, we analyse whether the dual nature of the Spanish personal income tax (PIT), reinforced by the 2007 reform, has influenced taxpayers’ behaviour, causing them to convert part of their ‘general income’ (from labour, real estate or economic activities) into ‘savings income’ (from movable capital or capital gains). We also extend the analysis of income shifting and study whether Spanish taxpayers also responded to the different tax treatments given to the two types of savings income (from movable capital and capital gains) until 2007, transforming savings income from one type to the other. The results of our study demonstrate three facts. First, Spanish taxpayers did respond to the different tax rates, shifting income from the general base to different forms of savings, especially capital gains. The highest‐income individuals and the self‐employed and business owners are the groups where this behaviour was most marked. Second, the self‐employed and business owners also turned income from movable assets into capital gains, guided by their different tax rates. And third, we find signs of ‘anticipation’ and ‘learning’ effects caused by the 2007 tax reform. We believe that the results obtained will enrich the growing literature on income shifting.     

“十四五”时期的个人所得税改革展望

个人所得税在调节收入分配、实现社会公平方面具有重要作用。“十四五”时期的改革部署中明确提出了健全直接税体系,提高直接税比重的要求。因此,“十四五”时期个人所得税改革的重点在于提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重,同时实现税收公平目标。对比近两年国外个人所得税发展趋势,发现我国个人所得税存在收入占比较低、劳动所得税负较重等问题。可以从多方面入手解决问题。一是将资本所得纳入综合所得计税范围,同时推进现代化税收征管,避免税收流失,以提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重。二是通过完善专项附加扣除政策,进一步降低中低收入群体的税收负担,实现税收公平。三是优化高端人才税收优惠政策,提高人力资本积累对高质量发展的贡献。     

Tax treatment of dividends and capital gains and the dividend decision under dual income tax

The paper analyses efficiency aspects of a dual income tax system with a higher tax on capital gains than dividends. It argues that apart from the distortions to investments claimed in earlier literature, the system puts even more emphasis in creating incentives for entrepreneurs to participate in tax planning. The paper suggests that the owner of a closely held company can avoid all personal taxes on entrepreneurial income by two tax-planning strategies. The first is the avoidance of distributions, which would be taxed at the tax rate on labour income. These funds would instead be invested in the financial markets. The second strategy is a distribute and call-back policy, converting retained profits into new equity capital. Interestingly, the outcome is that investment in real capital is not distorted in the long-run equilibrium. Empirical evidence using microdata is also provided.      

Measuring the Effective Tax Burden in the Real World*

This paper argues that forward‐looking indices of the effective tax burden on income from capital – namely, effective marginal and average tax rates – are negatively biased because traditional models overlook dividend constraints associated with financial tax incentives, such as accelerated depreciation. The paper presents measures of the two indices adjusted to remove the bias and compares the new indices with the traditional ones. Numerical simulations carried out to quantify the magnitude of the bias for France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and the UK give evidence of sizeable distortions in the unadjusted indices and, in turn, suggest significant mismeasurement in the current assessment of the effective tax burden.     

How Much Do Taxes Discourage Incorporation?

The double taxation of corporate income should discourage firms from incorporating. We investigate the extent to which the aggregate allocation of assets and taxable income in the United States between corporate and noncorporate firms responds to the size of this tax distortion during the period 1959–1986. In theory, profitable firms should shift out of the corporate sector when the tax distortion is large, and conversely for firms with tax losses. Our empirical results provide strong support for these forecasts, and imply that the resulting excess burden equals 16 percent of business tax revenue.     

The welfare loss from differential taxation of sectors in Germany

In the spirit of Harberger, we apply a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and estimate the excess burden stemming from the tax-induced distortion in the allocation of capital across the corporate and the non-corporate sectors in Germany. In doing so, we perform a counterfactual analysis and ask how the allocation of capital across sectors would change compared with a sector-neutral tax system which assures an identical effective tax burden on both sectors. Our estimates suggest that the excess burden per-period amounts to approximately 2.2 billion Euros or to about 0.1 per cent of GDP. In present value terms, the excess burden translates to about 89 billion Euros or 4.0 per cent of GDP. In order to identify the impact of the firm’s financial behaviour on the size of the emerging excess burden, we perform several sensitivity analyses with regard to debt financing, external equity financing and debt constraints via agency cost.     

现行企业所得税优惠政策评析

现行企业所得税制度已经运行十年有余,作为非基准税收制度的所得税优惠政策也越来越多,并且其执行效果不尽如人意。通过对现行所得税优惠的政策制度基础进行分析,可得出如下基本判断:两税并存是我国高税率、多优惠的制度基础;作为非基准税收制度的所得税优惠政策对基准所得税制度修订过多,税制的改革已成为必要;改革的方向是两税并轨,清理优惠,对于需要保留的税收优惠政策应贯彻以行业优惠为主、区域优惠为辅的原则。     

汽车制造业税负及其影响因素的实证研究——基于上市公司财务数据

以45家汽车制造行业上市公司2010～2011年财务数据为样本,研究发现汽车制造业的流转税税负分别为0.018、0.0075,所得税税负分别为0.1951、0.2079,且所得税税负变化很异常。对税负的影响因素进行实证分析表明:主营业务收入、净资产收益率对流转税税负的影响为正向的,主营业务成本和存货变动率对流转税税负的影响是负向的;资产负债率对所得税税负的影响是负向的,企业的规模、固定资产密度、净资产收益率对所得税税负的影响是正向的。