重视以工补农进程中农村民间金融的作用

一、我国农村民间金融发展现状 在中国的历史上，小农经济和民间信贷一直是相依共存的。农村民间金融是与农村正规金融相对的一个概念，根据我国政府的监管程度不同，我们可以将农村金融分成农村正规金融和农村民间金融两种形式。[第一段]     

农村民间金融作用分析

农村民间金融是一把“双刃剑”，其发展和活跃在农村经济发展过程中，一定程度上克服了农村建设资金不足的困难，推动了民营经济和农村经济的迅速发展，但由于缺少规范，其无序发展也带来了社会不安定因素，甚至造成国家金融秩序的混乱。本文对民间金融的积极作用和消极作用进行分析，探寻消除消极影响的途径，使民间金融更好的为农村经济的发展服务。     

中国农村民间金融制度环境变迁研究

近年来，农村民间金融迅速发展，在部分地区已处于主导地位，有力地缓解了农村经济主体融资困难。本通过梳理中国农村民间金融制度环境变迁过程，运用制度变迁理论对此作出解释，认为根据不同形式民间金融制度安排所具有的特点，因地制宜，因时制宜地加强监管，而不是以“一刀切”方式禁止或放开民间金融，是破解农村民间金融困难的主要途径。     

关于农村民间金融法律规制的思考——以“软法”之治为视角

农村民间金融的发展对农村经济的发展有着至关重要的推动作用,但在国家正规金融垄断格局下,由于缺乏政府监管与法律制度的规范,我国农村民间金融发展始终处于混乱和被国家"限制'与叫停"的状况.本文以"软法"之治的视角来分析农村民间金融中的"软法"现象,并提出了规范农村民间金融发展的路径选择以及农村民间金融"软法"的转化.     

应当积极发展农村民间金融

民间金融为农村经济发展做出了巨大贡献，其提供的贷款服务较正规金融更有效率，因此，应当鼓励和发展一些适合农村需求的民间金融形式，使之成为农村金融体系的有益补充。但是，民间金融也有着自身难以克服的弱点，在发展过程中尤其需要解决对它的监督管理和市场退出问题。     

我国农村民间金融规范发展的路径选择

农村民间金融在我国捉村有其存在的客观必然性，农村民间金融的主要运行形式有：农村信用社、农村合作基金、合会、民间借贷、私人钱庄、民间集资和小额信贷等。目前，我国农村民间金融发展中存在不少问题，比如民间借贷的利率失控，农村民间金融潜伏着金融风险，容易产生经济纠纷，给国家宏观调控带来困难以及还难以得到法律的保护等。因此，规范和发展农村民间金融，我们要明确民间金融的地位，改善农村金融领域中二元结构的紧张与对立：将农村信用合作社改造成真正的民间金融：规范农村民问金融，将民间金融纳入金融监管范围；继续支持农村小额信贷机构发展；建立农村民间金触机构存款保险制度等等。     

欠发达地区农村民间金融规范发展问题研究——以河南省驻马店市为例

农村民间金融是农村正规金融的有益补充,很大程度上支持了农村经济发展,随着国家对其政策的逐步完善,农村民间金融的积极作用日益彰显,但由于其自身的不规范性给其带来了一定的经营风险.文章以欠发达地区驻马店为例,分析了农村民间金融非规范性问题的现状及成因,并基于驻马店现实,提出了规范发展的路径选择.     

浅析我国农村民间金融的现状及发展对策

本文在分析农村民间金融的含义及其重要性的基础上,主要从农村民间金融形式的多样性、借贷规模大及利率高且具有弹性三方面对我国农村民间金融的现状进行分析,进而提出一些促进我国农村民间金融发展的对策和建议,主要包括正确认识农村民间金融的地位,条件成熟的农村民间金融组织适时使其逐步正规化,规范和引导农村民间金融的发展,严厉打击"非法金融"这四个方面。     

从宗氏助学组织从事信贷业务看农村民间金融走向

农村经济发展滞缓以及金融改革导致农村信贷资金流失，融资缺口日益扩大．由此出现了新型民间融资组织一宗氏信贷组织。笔者通过分析宗氏组织信贷业务产生的原因背景、主要特点、优点和缺点，认为以组织形式开展金融活动是农村民间金融的重要取向．对发展农村民间金融具有极为重要的借鉴意义。农村民间金融组织的方向与出路在于建立真正互助合作性质的小额信贷组织。     

农村民间金融的绩效分析

民间金融广泛存在于发达国家和发展中国家,中国近三千年的封建历史,造就了小农经济和民间信贷共生发展.新中国成立后,农村民间金融的发展一波三折.如何看待民间金融与现代农村经济发展的关系、民间金融在农村经济发展中的绩效、现阶段农村资金供求的变化以及如何制订规范发展农村民间金融的策略,都是本文着重探讨的内容.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

我国助学贷款改革刍议--"双担保"机制设计

国家新出台的助学贷款政策，还不过是既有的框架下的局部调整，存在诸多不完善的地方。为此，对国家助学贷款应构建高校与就业单位的“双担保”机制。从长期来看，要构建一个系统有效的“政府部门管理和商业银行运作相结合”、“多层次、多渠道、多方式”、“担保和非担保、贴息和非贴息、市场和非市场运作互相补充”的中国教育金融框架。     

人行县支行备份路由的解决方案

目前江苏省内人民银行各县(市)支行与其市中心支行的网络互联是通过专线经中国电信的x.25分组交换网实现的,没有其它备份线路,一旦线路或路由器出现故障,电子联行、银行信贷登记咨询、货币发行管理等业务系统就不能与中心支行的业务系统实现正常通信,这不仅会影响本行业务工作的正常进行,甚至可能会影响上级行业务系统的正常运行.针对这一问题我们首先想到的解决方法是,购买一个路由器作为备份路由器,再租用一条其它方式的远程连接线路作为备份线路,这样的备份设备费用至少15万～2万元.如果采用Windows 2000 Server(或者Windows NT Server 4.0),使用其免费提供的请求拨号路由服务,就能实现临时应急备份路由.下面对Windows2000的请求拨号路由及其安装配置做一详细说明.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…