乡村旅游发展中存在问题的解析

文章在分析总结现有研究成果关于乡村旅游发展中存在问题的基础上,根据问题的关联性,把乡村旅游发展中的问题分为思想认识、利益分配、生产过程以及产品与效益4个方面.并提出依据问题的关联性和发生脉络,抓住根本与核心问题,按4个步骤逐一解决乡村旅游发展中的问题.     

城市旅游定位的战略方法——以天津城市旅游为例

城市旅游发展过程中,定位问题成为诸多城市发展城市旅游的首要障碍.本研究首先分析了天津城市旅游定位战略方面存在的重要误区.然后对城市旅游定位的双核驱动机制进行了深入分析,阐明了城市旅游定位的基本方法论.并在此基础上分析了城市旅游定位的要素提炼方法,为城市旅游定位提供直接依据.最后结合天津的情况提出了天津城市旅游定位的战略构想.本文旨为城市旅游定位提供战略方法的理论支持.     

农民旅游：概念、基本问题与研究框架——一个文献综述

随着农村经济发展带来农民财富积累及农民生活质量的提升，农民旅游迅速发展。文章基于中国转型期的社会背景，在回顾近30年来国内农民旅游研究文献的基础上，对农民旅游的概念内涵、研究历程、研究视角和研究特征进行了概括，并提出一些尚待研究的基本问题，包括旅游学科研究框架下如何界定农民、农村非均衡性导致的农民旅游差异化问题、如何划定农民旅游市场的界限以及如何对农民旅游市场进行统计等，最后构建出农民旅游研究框架。     

基于绩效差异的中国主要城市旅游发展阶段演化

从经营绩效角度对城市旅游发展的阶段及其演化特征进行分析,有助于资源投入方式的优化和资源利用能力的提高.利用数据包络分析方法(Data Envelopment Analysis,DEA),在比较1995年,2000年和2005年58个中国主要城市规模收益不变和规模收益非增条件下旅游效率的基础上,总结了城市旅游发展阶段的3个特征:(1)3个时期中国大多数城市的旅游发展处于规模收益递增阶段;(2)随着时间的演化,越来越多城市的旅游发展开始进入规模收益递减阶段;(3)在空间上,处于规模收益递减阶段的城市大多位于东部经济发达地区.从我国城市旅游发展的阶段特征出发,认为区域经济不平衡性,并因此导致的城市旅游资源投入规模的差异是形成城市旅游绩效和发展阶段差异的根本原因.最后,文章讨论了城市旅游发展过程中资源利用方式优化的途径.     

中国旅游史研究述评

本文对旅游史研究工作进行了述评,从多方面进行了探究,并探究了中国旅游史研究存在的一些不足和问题,对于中国旅游史研究工作的发展具有积极的借鉴意义。     

旅游减贫效应之辩 ——一个文献综述

PPT(pro-poor tourism,有利于贫困者的旅游)理念的提出和推行建立了旅游与贫困之间的直接联系,激发了学界对旅游发展与贫困减缓关系的广泛讨论.国内外学者在旅游减贫效应这一问题上产生了无休止的争议",旅游发展减缓了贫困""旅游发展加剧了贫困"和"旅游发展与贫困减缓无必然联系"三种观点同时存在.在相关文献的基础上,文章系统梳理了旅游减贫效应的产生机制及支持不同观点的经验证据,并对争议的形成原因进行了剖析.结果表明,贫困度量方法不统一、空间尺度和研究方法不同、发展环境及模式选择存在差异等因素造成研究结论的不一致,综合各方面而言",旅游发展减缓了贫困"这一结论更为合理.最后,对未来的相关研究进行了展望.     

旅游地域系统演化研究综论

旅游业是一个与空间紧密相连的产业,从地理学角度研究处于一定地域空间的旅游系统形成、演化的过程以及系统结构与功能所表现出的阶段性特征,对于推动区域旅游业发展具有重要作用.基于对旅游地域系统的界定,文章从旅游流空间分布及其集聚扩散、系统空间组织形态、系统演化模式及演化机制等方面对国内外旅游地域系统演化的相关文献进行了系统回顾,并提出了现有研究存在的不足和研究趋向,以期为区域旅游可持续发展研究提供有益的参考.     

中国文化遗产保护利用研究综述

本文通过对 1994年以来有关中国文化遗产保护利用研究文献的统计分析 ,从国外经验借鉴研究、价值功能等基础性研究、城市发展和文化遗产保护研究、旅游发展和文化遗产保护研究等 7个方面对中国文化遗产保护利用研究进行了综述 ,并对研究中存在的问题和今后需要进一步重视的问题进行了简要的分析。     

中国区域旅游规模的空间结构与变化

文章运用GIS环境下的空间分析技术,探讨了近年来中国区域旅游规模的空间结构及变化,其总体特征也在区域之间及区域内部的不同空间层级得到了进一步体现。中国旅游规模的空间分布总体上具有较强的正空间集聚性,且存在不断增强的趋势。局部区域的空间集聚表现了较强的规律性,并以人口地理分界线为临界区域,沿主要铁路干线发展,且空间扩散作用具不断增强趋势。东中西部及主要城市地区之间的空间差异明显,但区域之间及其内部的空间差距在不断缩小,区域旅游规模的空间结构不断得到优化。这在一定程度上体现了中国区域旅游规模的空间结构受旅游资源条件、交通条件及经济发展水平等影响因素的作用明显。进而通过文章的分析可为国家旅游空间规划与开发及相关政策的制定等提供理论上的借鉴。     

旅游空间的正义之维

在境外有关空间、地理和城市研究中,空间正义问题受到了广泛的重视.作为一种阐释视角,国外同行的普遍做法是,通过正义问题将民权与空间生产联系起来,拓宽争取环境和社会生活改善的政治视野.把空间正义视角引入旅游空间研究,具有重大的理论和现实意义.一方面,能够为已经困扰旅游经济的诸多乱象,如商业欺骗、游客财产和人身安全等治理提供建设性思路;另一方面,也能为空间全面旅游化,即从资源开发向旅游环境整体建设的过渡提供战略性思路.当然,讨论旅游空间正义问题似乎特别困难.这是因为,正义本身涉及法律意义上的“是”(权益)和关乎伦理意义上的“应当”(价值),这又与对旅游行为以及旅游空间的理解有关,而后者正是有待在理论上澄清的基本问题.本文意在从空间生产视角简要地阐明正义在旅游空间建构中的独特意义及其当前重要问题,以期为这个有竞争力的新话语在中国学术空间中的生长做一些前提性澄清工作.     

New interests of urban heritage and tourism research in Chinese cities

ABSTRACT

Towns and cities have been one of the key areas where Chinese civilization is embodied. China has a history of urban development reaching back over 5000 years. However, cities in China in the past century are also places which have experienced modernization and rapid progress. As a result, the conservation and reuse of the built heritage in China’s cities confronts great challenges. This paper stresses these challenges as well as a few other institutional, cultural, social and economic issues related to urban heritage conservation and utilization. It raises some new interests of urban heritage and tourism research in Chinese cities, and calls for more research on this topic, especially in less researched areas such as industrial heritage in medium-sized cities and cities in peripheral areas.     

Managing tourism and cultural heritage in historic towns: examples from Romania

Due to the impressive development of the cultural heritage tourism, there is an increasing need to investigate the relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management, in order to avoid conflicts that may occur from parallel, independent development of these activities. At present the Romanian historic towns face an increasing process of fast tourism development within many rehabilitation projects that take place on historic monuments. Assessing their tourism potential in a realistic way may help in developing sustainable tourism at cultural destinations. In this context, the assessment matrix method proposed by McKercher and du Cros is applied to 10 case studies of Romanian historic towns, as a first step in tourism development planning. A refinement of this method is proposed by considering the distribution of the qualifiers assigned to the indicators that are being assessed. The matrix method is shown to be a useful tool for a correlated approach to both tourism development and cultural heritage management.     

Remembering the Beatles' legacy in Hamburg's problematic tourism strategy

Since the late 1980s/early 1990s, Liverpool has been synonymous with Beatles-related tourism, investing in museums, city walks, and redeveloping the Mathew Street Cavern Quarter. Another, perhaps lesser known, site of Beatles' tourism that has slowly immerged in recent years is the Reeperbahn area of Hamburg, Germany. While a number of cities with a strong musical heritage have developed tourism and urban regeneration around their musical past, primary research and photographic evidence gathered in Hamburg reveals that Hamburg is a city of conflicting identities. The city's leaders want Hamburg to compete as a cultural and financial site of tourism and investment on a global scale. However, by examining the mytholization of ‘the Beatles’ Hamburg’ at the Beatlemania Museum, and the lack of investment in the surrounding infrastructure, research shows that this act of selective memory is driven by economic and ideological agendas in Hamburg's overall urban regeneration plans. Arguably, the multi-billion euro HafenCity project is to be the new vision and focus of Hamburg's regenerated image. This article does not argue for a ‘Disneyfication’ of Hamburg's Reeperbahn area, but attempts to highlight the missed opportunities for the city to support and cultivate its music heritage and struggling artisan/independent scene.     

Town walls,walled towns and tourism: paradoxes and paradigms

The paradoxical relationship between tourists and town walls is examined in the wider context of the walled town tourism. Such towns may be paradigm cases for historic towns as attractions for heritage, urban and cultural tourism among the ‘flows and scapes’ of delocated global tourism. Widely distributed across the ‘old’ world and extant even in the ‘new’, town walls can be seen as the grim barriers between contested identities or as the emblems of the peaceful security of the town within. The paper draws on material gathered as part of a European Interreg IIIc network project – ‘ARCHWAY’. Walled towns and related monuments represent nearly 20% of the 890-strong 2009 world heritage list and half the ‘ARCHWAY’ towns have world heritage status or aspirations. To meet the economic and urban planning challenges, walled towns have developed a range of options for success in, or for surviving, tourism. Examples from across Europe and beyond are critically appraised in the light of the literature of historic and heritage town tourism. As historic towns with obvious signs of past conflict, walled towns point the way to examining urban heritage tourism with de-romanticised vision.     

Cultural political economy and urban heritage tourism

The paper explains a cultural political economy “framing” for interpreting heritage tourism in urban contexts. Key ideas behind this research perspective are explained and illustrated through discussion of past research studies of urban heritage tourism. It is underpinned by a relational view of the inter-connectedness of societal relations, and an emphasis on taking seriously both the cultural/semiotic and the economic/political in the co-constitution of urban heritage tourism’s social practices and features. A case study of heritage tourism in Nanjing, China considers cultural political economy’s relevance and value, including the distinctive research questions it raises. It reveals, for example, how economic relations in the built environment were related to tourist meaning-making and identities in the cultural/semiotic sphere.     

Bundling attractions for rural tourism development

Tourism is often regarded as a viable solution to economic crisis, especially for remote areas without many development options. While many tourism destinations have strong cultural or heritage assets, not all destinations have primary attractions that can bring visitors to the region. Rather than developing special interest “themes”, rural areas that do not have enough of any one type of tourism resource to act as a primary draw may consider bundling different attraction types to increase visitation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the preferences of visitors to secondary heritage sites and explore the relationship between heritage tourism and alternative, non-heritage activities in rural areas. Findings revealed that motivation to visit small-scale heritage sites consisted of two dimensions: learning and recreation. The two motivational dimensions influenced visitors’ interest in different heritage attractions and likelihood of visiting heritage tourism “scenarios”. As for alternative activities, there was a cluster of “popular” activities that were enjoyed by both learning-oriented and recreation-oriented respondents, but recreation-oriented visitors were more interested in nature-based activities and sport-related activities than learning-oriented visitors. Findings can help rural communities improve secondary attractions and diversify their tourism product by bundling heritage attractions with non-heritage activities.     

Industrial heritage tourism development and city image reconstruction in Chinese traditional industrial cities: a web content analysis

ABSTRACT

Studies on industrial heritage and industrial tourism development at the city level in China are limited. Through a web content analysis of the industrial components in cities’ images and tourism, this paper attempts to explore whether old industrial cities are promoting industrial heritage tourism and rebuilding postindustrial images. A total of 20 traditionally industrial cities were selected as samples for data collection based on the content of their official websites, and this study finds that industrial heritage and industrial tourism are rarely promoted or even mentioned on those websites, indicating that industrial culture is gradually being eroded in China. Traditional Chinese industrial cities tend to look for opportunities to participate in global competition rather than reflecting and preserving their past through the process of urban development. More attention should be paid in the future to integrating industrial culture into Chinese urban development, both in academic research and in practice.     

文化休闲旅游符号的思考——以丽江大研古城和徽州古村落为例

随着恩格尔系数的平稳下降,中国家庭与休闲相关的消费在不断攀升.文章从丽江大研古城沿街店铺经营业务入手,搜索大研古城的文化休闲旅游符号,分析其形成机制:外在动力机制有休闲时代的即将到来、市场需求的拉动;内在动力机制有自然因素、文化因素和政府决策因素.对比丽江大研古城和以宏村、西递为代表的徽州古村落,探讨不同文化背景的遗产旅游地发展过程中出现的两种特征:文化休闲旅游和文化观光旅游.文章认为,在休闲时代到来之际,传统的观光旅游逐渐向休闲度假旅游转变,文化型遗产地应冷静对待,避免盲动,做出适合自身文化本底的正确选择.     

Overtourism and degrowth: a social movements perspective

Abstract

Overtourism is a contemporary phenomenon, rapidly evolving and underlined by what is evidently excessive visitation to tourist destinations. This is obvious in the seemingly uncontrolled and unplanned occurrence of urban overtourism in popular destinations and arguably a consequence of unregulated capital accumulation and growth strategies heavily associated with selling cities as tourism commodities. The vested interests of social movements has converged into growing protests against overtourism and associated degrowth campaigns have emerged out of this activism that calls for alternative governance and management measures that eschew touristic monoculture and simplistic economic growth-oriented models. Accordingly, we explore the evolution of the tourism degrowth discourse among social movement activists in Barcelona, and in particular, where this is related to claims associated with overtourism and the extent to which this might be influencing a paradigm shift from ‘tourism growth’ to ‘tourism degrowth’. Methodologically, we draw from an overarching framework that leverages long-term ethnographic research in Barcelona. Here, we employ in-depth semi-structured interviews, participant observations, informal conversations and retrospective evaluation of field diary entries.     

Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?

As culture is increasingly utilised as a means of social and economic development, the cultural tourism market is being flooded with new attractions, cultural routes and heritage centres. However, many consumers, tired of encountering the serial reproduction of culture in different destinations are searching for alternatives. The rise of skilled consumption, the importance of identity formation and the acquisition of cultural capital in (post)modern society point towards the use of creativity as an alternative to conventional cultural tourism. This paper considers the development of creative spaces, creative spectacles and creative tourism from the perspective of supply and demand. The need for creativity in developing new products and how to address the challenge of serial reproduction are discussed, and examples of creative tourism projects are examined and contrasted to traditional models of cultural tourism.