论"旅游目的地"与"旅游过境地"

旅游地的空间竞争与合作是当前学术界颇为关注的一个热点问题.处在同一旅游线路①上的不同旅游地之间产业和产品的空间竞争与合作是区域旅游竞争与合作的典型代表,较少有学者进行研究.本文在回顾以往研究成果的基础上,分析了旅游目的地与旅游过境地在竞争与合作中旅游产业定位和空间布局等重大问题对两地在旅游开发、投资等方面的影响.     

海岛型旅游地空间竞争与区域合作研究

近年来，作为滨海旅游发展的延伸，海岛旅游研究已成为国内外旅游研究重要领域之一。但在一定区域范围内，海岛型旅游地有较为相似的旅游资源、重叠的客源市场以及相当的重视程度，同时，其资源特色、发展环境、市场定位、发展条件、政策条件、介入机会等竞争因素差异较大，这些都决定了海岛型旅游地之间是竞争与合作共存的对立统一关系。本文以福建省4个特色海岛——海坛岛、湄洲岛、鼓浪屿、东山岛为例，从分析4个特色海岛的概况入手，重点比较分析它们之间的空间竞争优势，最后提出海岛型旅游地区域合作的可行性策略。     

旅游地意象空间分析--以江南水乡古镇为例

旅游地意象空间的研究对旅游地的规划与开发具有十分重要的意义。本文以江南水乡古镇作为研究对象，采用游客问卷调查及意象地图描绘等方法，初步探究了江南水乡古镇旅游地意象空间的结构特点。研究结果表明：江南水乡古镇旅游地意象空间是以“环状”为特征；而组成意象空间的要素主要有干道、桥梁、节点、标志和区域；其中干道和桥梁构建了“环状”意象空间框架。根据此项研究的成果，本文最后提出了对江南水乡古镇旅游规划与开发的建议。     

区域旅游空间结构演化模式分析——以江西省为例

任何成功旅游地的发展必定经历起步、发展、相对成熟和优化4个阶段。旅游系统的各大要素在不同发展阶段具有空间上的不同组合，表现为十分丰富的各种形态和结构。基于此，可根据区域旅游系统空间结构理论及区域旅游系统的内部形态结构和不同发展阶段的特征，把区域旅游空间结构演化模式分为点状模式、放射模式、凝聚模式和扩展模式4种类型。以江西旅游发展为例，改革开放至今江西省旅游空间结构模式经历了点状、放射和凝聚模式，存在区域发展不平衡、旅游客流与交通“瓶颈”矛盾、旅游服务体系不完善等问题，因此必须优化空间结构的目标、措施和模式。     

区域旅游一体化能实现吗？——基于Salop模型的SPNE研究

文章基于Salop圆周城市模型, 在区域旅游产品特征及区域旅游合作方式分类的基础上, 研究区域旅游一体化的最佳合作方式及实现条件; 考虑区域旅游地合作方式对利润及旅游产品价格的影响, 通过区分区域旅游地的资源导向和市场及形象导向型两种常见情况, 引入两阶段博弈法, 按照两种区域旅游利润最大化的合作方式分别进行求解。结果表明：区域旅游合作是基于旅游产品的差异、同质化程度, 采取不同的协调方式进行的, 主线是促进差异化, 控制同质产品的内部竞争力;追求各自利润最大化下的契约式合作是区域旅游合作的最佳方式。如果政府间要实行行政组织一体化策略, 则只有在各旅游地旅游产品同质化时才易推行, 但是这种竞争状态并不稳定;区域旅游一体化是要利用行政力量削弱行政壁垒, 倡导市场要素流动的无障碍化。     

平遥古城旅游企业竞合关系研究

平遥古城是世界文化遗产旅游地，旅游企业的个体经营行为和彼此之间的竞争合作关系都会对古城旅游发展和遗产保护带来重要的影响。通过抽样问卷调查和数据处理，从古城内旅游企业竞争对手、竞争关系及竞争方式等方面分析了旅游企业的竞争状况；从旅游企业的合作特点和方式等方面分析了企业间的合作关系，认为平遥古城的旅游企业的竞合关系特点已具备了产业集群的特征，通过企业间合作性竞争，世界文化遗产的“公地悲剧”可以避免。     

文化旅游区域协同发展的空间认知分异——以南京都市圈为例

随着区域旅游竞合关系的演化,行政驱动对优化区域旅游空间关系的作用渐趋弱化,而地区间的文化影响机制相对稳定,文化资源和文化空间的跨行政区分布是一种普遍的空间现象,文化旅游已经成为推动区域旅游协同发展的重要动力.区域文化旅游的协同发展,要在整合行政资源的基础上,积极响应旅游地的公众认知和市场需求,实现区域旅游的协调和可持续发展.文章以南京都市圈为例,围绕区域文化旅游的发展状态、区域协同发展的现实基础和基本条件等设计调研项目,采用社会调查和定量分析相结合的方法,分析公众对区域文化旅游协同发展的认知和评价情况.研究发现,文化旅游区域协同的空间认知分异规律存在文化资源导向性、交通区位导向性和文化关联导向性的特征.这一特征有助于厘清政府主导的区域文化旅游发展思路,有助于旅游地文化旅游资源的有效整合和深度开发,进而选择符合自身特点和发展阶段的区域文化旅游协同发展模式.     

旅游地聚居空间演化过程、驱动机制和社会效应研究进展

作为新兴的重要发展力量,旅游正在不可逆转地改变着聚居空间演变进程.随着不同主体对稀缺聚居空间资源的竞争,引起土地资源利用、人居环境变化与社会公平发展等问题.旅游地聚居现象构成人居环境科学研究的重要命题.文章综览国内外旅游地聚居空间研究的相关文献,从旅游地聚居空间演化过程、理论解释、驱动机制、社会效应4个方面展开综述.旅游地聚居空间演化经历外部扩展和内部重组双重过程,呈现从非旅游功能向旅游功能转型、利用主体聚居面临着分化重组的分布格局、社会空间分异等特征.国内外关于逆城市化、旅游城市化和流动性转型等理论为旅游地聚居系统重构提供了理论线索.旅游地聚居空间演化的驱动机制取决于自然和社会经济条件,旅游影响许多旅游地聚居系统的社会、经济和空间特征,是聚居空间增长和扩展的主要驱动力.不同利用主体在聚居中扮演重要角色,对聚居空间重构起到重要作用.旅游者、环境移民、房地产开发商、旅游投资商等是住房设计、住房质量、聚居规模和形态变化的主要驱动力.聚居空间变迁是透视旅游地社会转型的重要维度之一.研究内容涉及社会关系网络变迁、居住满意度和居住环境影响等社会效应.     

国外关于旅游地水供需矛盾的研究

旅游业是地表水和地下水的主要使用者之一。随着旅游业的不断发展，对水资源的影响日益凸现，水供需矛盾已成为全球旅游可持续发展的主要制约因素之一。本文在阐述国外水供需矛盾旅游地主要区域特征的基础上．从系统角度深入分析了国外旅游地水供需矛盾及其主要影响因素，并从管理、技术、经济和教育等方面总结了国外水供需矛盾的主要调控措施与实施情况．以期丰富旅游水环境的研究视角，为我国旅游地水供需管理提供帮助。     

对区域旅游合作研究几个基本问题的讨论

区域旅游合作研究在很多基本问题如合作空间范畴、主体和机制等方面都没有形成共识,这种状况制约着研究的进一步发展.对上述问题的讨论得出如下结论:第一,区域旅游合作应该理解为区域之间的旅游合作;第二,政府是区域旅游合作的主要主体;第三,区域旅游合作机制包括动力机制、过程机制、保障机制、空间作用机制等方面.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

The perceived impact of tourism by residents a case study in Santa Marta,Colombia

Studies of the local population's perception of tourism impact are useful in setting up programs to minimize friction between tourists and residents, and in formulating plans to gain resident support of tourist ventures. This study identifies the positive and negative aspects of tourism as perceived by the Santa Marta residents, and the influence of selected variables on resident response. It is hypothesized that the perception of tourist impact varies with the distance a person lives from the tourist zone and with the resident's socio-economic status. It is found that despite the perception of some serious negative aspects, Santa Marta residents consider the overall impact of tourism to be beneficial. They want their government to offer more economic incentives and eliminate any restrictive measures in order to stimulate tourism in the area. The positive attitudes of the Santa Marta residents toward tourism may be a function of the incipient stage of tourism development in this area.     

Discrimination in public recreation: Attitudes toward and participation of females

Historically, women have been discriminated against in a number of ways. In recreation, the same is true. This study, carried out among Ontario recreation administrators, reveals male‐female differences in wages, responsibility, participation and programs. A number of alternatives and suggestions for change, including both legislation and economic sanction, are given in the report, along with a number of possible directions for future research.     

Serious pilgrims and frivolous tourists the chimera of tourism in the pilgrimages of Sri Lanka

Two important and recently developed currents of pilgrimage in Sri Lanka—the appearance at certain sites of fun-loving and raucous Sinhalese youths, and at others of wealthy Tamil Hindus interested in temple architecture—would appear to be well explained by the concept of tourism. On closer inspection, however, this appearance can be shown to be illusory and to disguise the real meaning of these behaviors within indigenous Sri Lankan modalities of pilgrimage. The paper explores the meaning and utility of the terms “tourism” and “pilgrimage,” and concludes by offering a more useful definition of them than the ones our language persuades us to employ.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

Politics and tourism interface: The Case of Cyprus

The Cyprus tourism industry has had to be sensitive to the political problems between Turkish and Greek Cypriots. Federation is considered to be a partial solution to the problems. This paper evaluates the influence of politics and nationalism on the tourism planning and development under a possible federal constitution. The views of Turkish and Greek Cypriot participants from private and public organizations are studied through semistructured interviews. The findings suggest that any future planning and development is likely to be a complex undertaking, as the two societies tend to have different sets of objectives and expectations.     

The BYOB of wine phenomenon of consumers in the Australian licensed on-premise foodservice sector

The overall aim of this baseline exploratory study was to explore the behaviour of wine consumers while dining out in the licensed on-premise sector of foodservice outlets in Australia. It examined the incidence and dynamics of the rather unique situation associated with wine in these outlets, namely the “bring-your-own-bottle of wine” (BYOB) phenomenon. A total of 816 respondents provided information regarding their most recent dining out experience. It was found that the BYOB of wine phenomenon is quite prevalent in Australian licensed on-premise foodservice outlets with 26% of all diners reporting that they had engaged in this the last time they dined out. Females engaged in the BYOB of wine to a greater extent than males and cited the lower cost to them as the main reason. Evidence was also found that the main motivating factor for the BYOB of wine phenomenon among diners was their risk perception levels and that it was therefore employed by consumers mainly as a risk-reduction strategy (RRS). This study showed that the BYOB of wine phenomenon should be added to the knowledge base on generic risk-reduction strategies of the on-premise foodservice sector.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.     

Souvenirs: Icons of meaning, commercialization and commoditization

This article examines the development of souvenirs research in tourism studies. It looks at souvenirs from four broad vantage points, namely historical perspectives on souvenirs research, souvenirs as messengers of meaning, souvenirs as tradable commodities and the commodification of souvenirs and handicrafts. Part of this includes the supply and demand aspects of souvenir production and consumption, including the distribution system and various aspects of producers. The paper also considers the commodification process of native arts and crafts into consumable tourism products and suggests future directions for additional works in this understudied area of tourism research.