对我国生态旅游标准的理论探讨

生态旅游作为可持续旅游的重要形式发展迅速,生态旅游标准是生态旅游发展的规范,能够对生态旅游的规范发展起到积极作用.本文分析了生态旅游概念的演化与特质,对国际上的生态旅游标准与认证项目的模型构建、发展现状和演化趋势进行了总结,并在此基础上,对如何建立我国生态旅游标准的问题进行了理论探讨.     

生态旅游概念的研究

通过分析生态旅游的提出和国内外研究的现状,文章将现有生态旅游概念系统地归纳为5种学说,即"保护中心说"、"居民利益中心说"、"回归自然说"、"负责任说"、"原始荒野说",并分别进行了深入剖析.在此基础上,作者从生态旅游产生的背景、生态旅游的市场、生态旅游的资源、生态旅游者的动机和出游目的等角度,全面阐述了生态旅游的真实内涵,并提出了具有市场操作性的生态旅游概念.     

生态旅游概念泛化思考

本文对目前学术界对生态旅游概念的有关界定进行了梳理，提出了更具本质规定性的生态旅游定义，并且探讨了对生态旅游概念内涵做限定性理解的理论和实践意义。     

国外生态旅游研究进展

作为可持续旅游的实现形式，生态旅游一经提出，就迅速引起学术界的极大关注，本文试图对国外生态旅游研究工作进行分析，着重析述生态旅游的兴起、概念与内涵、生态旅游经济价值评估、生态旅游规划以及开发与管理几个方面。     

基于可持续视角的生态旅游认证激励问题

生态旅游认证在国外的理论研究和实践探索中已经取得了较大进展.首先介绍了旅游认证的概念,然后从供给主体、中介主体和需求主体三个方面探讨了认证对其激励作用,最后实施生态旅游认证的法律、范围等问题进行了讨论.     

国际生态旅游市场分析

１生态旅游与生态旅游市场研究状况生态旅游（Ｅｃｏｔｏｕｒｉｓｍ）是当今世界旅游业发展的热点,据估算,生态旅游年均增长率为２０％—２５％,是旅游产品中增长最快的部分［１］。关于生态旅游的定义,中外学者提出了多种看法。笔者认为,瓦伦丁（Ｖａｌｅｎｔｉｎｅ...     

基于游客视角的生态旅游认证支付意愿实证分析

生态旅游认证产品能否取得商业上的成功取决于旅游消费者对它的接受程度,本文通过对浙江省4个景区的实地调查,分析了旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的认知和态度,并运用假设评价方法评估了旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的支付意愿.研究结果表明,旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的选择意愿受性别、教育程度、月收入、旅游频率、旅游方式、过去一年旅游花费、对生态旅游进行专门的认证并授予生态资格证书的赞同程度,以及未认证生态旅游产品的价格等因素的影响而差别显著;计算所得的支付意原表明,平均而言,旅游消费者愿意支付比未认证的生态旅游产品高35.1%的价格来购买通过认证的生态旅游产品.     

环境美与生态旅游

环境美与生态旅游陈刚北京旅游学院八十年代以后，生态旅游（Ｅｃｏｔｏｕｒｉｓｍ）在西方社会引起高度重视并获得迅猛的发展。许多旅游学家认为，生态旅游是当代世界旅游的转折点，它标志着世界旅游正在逐步摆脱二战后以满足旅游者＂四Ｓ＂需要为基础形成的大众旅游模式...     

休闲观光农业与乡村旅游、生态旅游

在阐述休闲观光农业与乡村旅游、生态旅游之间关系的基础上,对其旅游过程、旅游产业和旅游系统中的保护、教育、责任、社区参与和环境伦理等五个方面的要旨进行了分析和论述,最后就体闲观光农业、乡村旅游、生态旅游开发中亟待破解的若干难题进行了解析.     

鄢陵大马生态旅游景区经营现状分析

生态旅游是一种环境友好型的旅游模式,既可以有效地保护区域环境,也能够为当地带来丰厚的旅游收入,成为当前国内各旅游景区普遍实施一种的发展模式。鄢陵大马生态旅游景区经过长期发展,目前已形成了一套独特的生态旅游产业模式,在有效地开发和使用本地旅游资源的同时,也创造出重要的经济价值。本文在简要论述生态旅游的核心概念与基本特征的基础上,系统剖析鄢陵大马生态旅游资源情况与经营现状,借此深化对鄢陵大马生态旅游景区经验现状的认识。     

Ecotourism: Towards a key elements approach to operationalising the concept

Increasing usage of the term ecotourism has done little to clarify the concept. Indeed, a wide range of definitions now exist, with much of the debate in the field occurring at a conceptual or semantic level. This paper presents a new approach to operationalising the concept, one based on classification using a set of measurable key elements covering the participant, operator and resource management perspectives. The approach is illustrated by a survey of 22 nature‐based tourism operators in British Columbia. Less than a quarter of the operations surveyed were subsequently classified as ecotourism, the majority of the ventures being excluded on the protected area criterion. Classification in this way enables the importance of specific key elements to be assessed and highlights the sorts of issues, both conceptual and methodological, which systematic field testing generates.     

The Effects of Ecotourism in Developing Nations: An Analysis of Case Studies

One class of tourism that attempts to minimise the negative effects of traditional tourism is ecotourism. Much of the current ecotourism planning is only guesswork because few studies on the various impacts of ecotourism have been undertaken. This review collected data from ecotourism articles and scored each on seven separate ecotourism effect criteria to be used for analysis. Of the factors analysed, geographic location had a significant effect on tourism impacts while date and ownership of the conservation area did not. Ecotourism projects would benefit by using these criteria to quantitatively measure the state of their area. The results of this review illustrate that while ecotourism planning is in its infancy, ecotourism projects have the potential to be tools for sustainable development.     

生态旅游与当地居民利益——肯尼亚生态旅游成功经验分析

生态旅游已成为当今世界旅游业的热点 ,然而不适当或不科学的生态旅游开发已使很多生态保护区遭受了不同程度的损坏。本文以曾经是世界生态旅游成功的典范国家肯尼亚为例 ,分析了生态旅游的成功与当地居民利益之间的关系 ,试图提供给旅游企业开发者和经营者一个发展良好生态旅游的借鉴。     

论生态旅游的双向责任模式

基于传统大众旅游弊端提出的生态旅游，最大的特点就是具有责任性。围绕生态旅游的责任性的旅游开发和管理实践在世界各地均有积累，但缺乏系统的理论提炼。本文从责任的双向性为切入点，在分析传统大众旅游的单向责任模式和早期生态旅游的单向责任模式的基础上，提出了生态旅游双向责任模式。进而比较三种旅游责任模式的差别，最后从自然生态旅游目的地、社区生态旅游目的地和生态旅游者三个方面来探索生态旅游双向责任模式实现的途径。     

Marketing Ecotourism Through the Internet: A Case of Ecotourism Business in Thailand

The advance of Internet technology is having a profound impact on the traditional modes of selling tourism products and contributing to the growing importance of online marketing of the travel and tourism industry. In the case of ecotourism, studies examining Internet-based ecotourism marketing are still limited. This study aims to examine how ecotourism business is marketed through the Internet by focusing on Thai ecotourism business. Subjects investigated are travel business members listed on the website of the Thai Ecotourism and Adventure Travel Association (TEATA). Data are qualitatively analyzed using content analysis to examine marketing and ecotourism web-based context promoted through the Internet. The results indicate that the travel companies examined in this study provide a variety of products and services to meet the diverse travel needs and preferences of tourists. When examining the web-based ecotourism marketing, most businesses provide insufficient marketing and ecotourism information to promote ecotourism experience. In particular, ecotourism messages they provide are only partially aligned with ecotourism principles. Recommendations are given for improving online ecotourism marketing to better satisfy tourists' needs and expectations.     

Providing Ecotourism Excursions for Cruise Passengers

The aim of this paper is to argue that destinations can do more to offer coastal ecotourism experiences for cruise passengers, and in doing so they may secure a more sustainable product. An analysis of shore-side excursions currently available to P&O passengers in the Caribbean is presented. Excursions are classified against textbook tourism-type definitions. Time constraints imposed by cruise operators and an emphasis on selling rather than education are suggested as key factors that mean the limited number of existing ecotourism excursions were categorised as ‘soft’ rather than ‘hard’ ecotourism. Solutions demand concerted effort from all parties. Flexibility from cruise operators; political will and product development from destinations, and investment of time and energy from the tourists themselves. Ultimately, ecotourism excursions must embrace brand management, creating and delivering well-defined promises, so that cruise passengers can make intelligence-led decisions. In the Caribbean this requires a paradigm shift by the cruise operators in order to establish a meaningful and effective dialogue with groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organisation.     

Ecotourism and Certification: Confronting the Principles and Pragmatics of Socially Responsible Tourism

Many ecotourism proponents advocate certification as a means to distinguish legitimate ecotourism from counterfeit ‘greenwashed’ products. This paper discusses efforts by certification advocates operating in global arenas to generate standards for measuring compliance with one dimension of widely accepted definitions of ecotourism, the stipulation that it should provide benefits to local communities. The paper then presents an ethnographic case study from Belize that reveals disagreements among ecotourism stakeholders in Belize and between them and international experts about the meaning of several key terms: who should count as ‘local’, what should count as ‘participation’ by locals, and what constitutes a ‘benefit’ to local communities. The author argues that divergent perspectives on these issues must be recognised and accommodated in the process of harmonising or standardising certification criteria for ecotourism; failure to do that could imperil both the principled and pragmatic rationales behind the requirement that ecotourism provide benefits to local communities.     

国内生态旅游环境承载力研究进展

进行生态旅游环境承载力理论与量化方法的研究,对于指导生态旅游可持续发展,协调旅游活动和环境的关系具有十分重要而迫切的现实意义。本文论述生态旅游环境承载力概念和理论发展过程,指出了生态旅游环境承载力具有主观性和客观性、区域性和时间性、动态性和可调控性、有限性和复杂性的主要特征。在此基础上,对目前国内用于生态旅游环境承载力评价指标和定量的方法进行分析,对生态旅游环境承载力研究的发展趋势进行了讨论。     

Ecosystem Tourism: A Resource-based Philosophy for Ecotourism

Ecotourism has become a popular form of tourism development and marketing in the past ten years, often harnessing the growth in public concern over the wise use of natural resources. In most cases, however, impacts on the ecosystems that are the resource base for ecotourism products are either externalised or their consequences incorporated into the natural evolution of tourism products. This paper is an attempt to stimulate debate on the role that more holistic resource management should play in ecotourism developments. We contend that this can only be achieved through an understanding of ecological science. Credible ecotourism must be firmly based in scientific ecological principles that define ecosystem integrity, especially the resilience of ecosystem processes to disturbance. Such tolerance should be the fundamental measurement against which ecotourism products are monitored.We introduce the term 'ecosystem tourism' to summarise this agenda to define truly sustainable ecotourism development.