World Heritage Listing and the Evolving Issues Related to Tourism and Heritage: Cases from Australia and New Zealand

The relationship between heritage and tourism at Word Heritage Sites is thought to be particularly problematic. Yet, each year more heritage sites gain this status. This paper explores the issues that emerge between tourism and heritage at two heritage sites, one with World Heritage listing and the other embarking on the application process. Interview data were collected in relation to the Royal Exhibition Buildings and Carlton Gardens (REB), Australia and Oamaru's Historic Precinct, New Zealand; secondary data were used to contextualise the findings. The findings of the two case studies indicate that the process, and outcomes, of World Heritage (WH) status influence the nature of the relationship between heritage and tourism. The findings of this case study analysis indicated that prospect of WH listing seems to be a catalyst for decision-making and developing networks between the various stakeholders of heritage and tourism, but heritage stakeholders seem to be grappling for power at this time. Once the listing process is successful, heritage then seems to gain the balance of power, and tourism seems to be less successful in controlling the situation. Further research is warranted on this topic to explore whether the findings from two sites can be generalised to other heritage sites.     

Tourism's external account and the balance of payments

This paper argues that the balance of payments on tourism account is not the best measure of economic tourism activity needed for good policy formulation at the government level. The balance on tourism should be replaced with a broader concept, tourism's external account, which includes expenditures and receipts from tourists together with those other international transactions which follow indirectly from tourism. This concept will provide a broader understanding of the tourism industry so that better policy decisions can be made.     

A Study of Environmental Reporting: International Japanese Airlines

Economists are of the view that tourism leads to economic development just like human and physical capital and exports. A few studies have discussed this issue empirically. The current study aims to estimate the long-run relationship between income from tourism and the economic growth of Pakistan by using the annual time series data of 1971–2008, and by employing the Johansen Juselius cointegration, autoregressive distributed lag model and rolling windows bounds testing approach to check the stability of the model. The results confirm the long-run relationship between income from tourism and economic growth and explain that income from tourism has led economic growth in Pakistan except in the years 2006, 2007, and 2008.     

China's outbound tourism – Stages,policies and choices

China's outbound tourism has developed rapidly in recent years. This development has been accompanied by a continuous and expanding deficit in the tourism balance of trade, triggering debate among government officials and academia about whether China's outbound tourism development has outgrown general economic development. Understanding China's growth in outbound tourism and its impact has therefore become more than an academic issue; it also affects the future orientation of China's tourism policy. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the tourists, spatial flow, market size, and expenditure. Despite the above concerns, it is suggested that China's outbound tourism is still in a preliminary stage of development and furthermore complies fully with national policies. Therefore, orderly guidance and discretionary market policies are proposed to further facilitate the growth of the outbound tourism market in China.     

Asymmetric impact of oil prices,exchange rate,and inflation on tourism demand in Pakistan: new evidence from nonlinear ARDL

This study scrutinized the asymmetric impact of oil prices, exchange rate, and inflation on tourism demand in Pakistan using [Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014) Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In Festschrift in honor of peter schmidt (pp. 281–314). New York, NY: Springer] nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The NARDL bounds test examined the existence of cointegration in study variables, including CO₂ emissions, institutional quality, oil prices, exchange rate, inflation, and tourism demand. The evidence proposes that disregarding the intrinsic nonlinearities may misinform inference. The estimated NARDL model affirmed long-run negative and significant effect of CO₂ emissions on tourism demand, while institutional quality was positively associated with tourism demand. Furthermore, the findings of the study also suggested long-run asymmetric relationship between oil prices, exchange rate, inflation, and tourism demand.     

Tourism's contribution to the Yugoslav economy

Tourism is an important sector of the post-industrial economies of the developed nations. This article concentrates on the contribution of tourism to the balance of payments in Yugoslavia. Current methods of assessing the value of tourism transactions are inadequate and make international comparisons impossible. The complexity involved in defining ‘tourism’ has led to the accumulation of meaningless data. The IMF's standard balance-of-payments model is described, and the ways in which Yugoslavia's measurements of tourism income and expenditure could be standardized according to IMF recommendations and thus become use- ful in economic policy formulation.     

中国出境旅游发展及其影响的初步研究

出境旅游持续快速增长,国际旅游双流格局渐次形成,是当前中国旅游业国际化的主要表现.出境旅游发展会改变国际旅游收支关系,但是,即使出现旅游赤字,也不一定对宏观经济产生负面作用.出境旅游发展会刺激中国入境旅游增长,促进旅游企业的跨国经营,有利于提升中国旅游产业的整体素质.当前,政府无需对出境旅游加以直接规制,但需要采取多种跟进措施.     

Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits,and community satisfaction

This study investigates the impact of road and transportation infrastructure on community support for tourism in the context of the China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC), a multi-billion-dollar mega project. Utilizing social exchange theory, the authors examined a positive relationship between perceived impact of road and transport infrastructure development and local community support for tourism through perceived environmental impact, perceived tourism benefits, and perceived community satisfaction. The data was collected through an online survey from 350 people living along the CPEC route in Pakistan. Results revealed that perceived impact of CPEC road and transport infrastructure is positively related to community support for tourism, and perceived tourism benefits and community satisfaction play a mediating role in this relationship. Findings of this study not only contribute to the tourism literature, but also provide significant implications for officials to develop policies for promoting tourism development.     

Dynamic relationship between tourism,economic growth,and environmental quality

Abstract

In the recent era of globalisation, the tourism sector is growing rapidly and stimulates economic growth across the world, however, the inevitable environmental consequences of tourism cannot be ignored. For sustainable tourism, it is necessary to understand the interrelationship between economic growth, tourism, and environmental quality. Hence, the objective of the current research is to investigate the dynamic relationship between tourism, economic growth, and CO₂ emissions from 1995 to 2014 in the context of BRICS economies. A group of econometric tests robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence is applied to achieve accurate and unbiased results. Empirical findings propose that tourism sector significantly encourages economic growth; however, tourism degrades the quality of the environment. Also, globalisation has a long-term relationship with economic growth but an insignificant relationship with CO₂ emissions. The long-term elasticities further recommend that investment stimulate economic growth and mitigate CO₂ emissions. Moreover, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) holds in BRICS countries in its significance to tourism and globalisation. Finally, a heterogeneous panel non-causality test detects bi-directional causality between tourism receipts and CO₂ emissions. Moreover, tourism and investment in tourism Granger cause each other. Empirical findings direct towards important policy implications.     

International tourism and consumer prices in Pakistan: a wavelet-based analysis

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the tourism activities and price level in Pakistan by using monthly data set from 1972 to 2016. In this study, aggregated as well as disaggregated price level have been considered. Co-integration results suggest significant long-run relationship between tourism and all price level of goods and services except fuel and lightning. Results of the wavelet transformation show a strong variation in short-run. The results of the wavelet transformation coherence also show an in-phase as well as out-phase both associations between the prices and tourism receipts in the mid-term and long-term periods.     

Mexico's balance of payments 1970–1983: Contributions of international tourism and border transactions

The Mexican government instigated a series of programmes to redress its rapidly deteriorating balance of payments in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Devaluations of the peso were aimed at improving foreign exchange earnings from international tourism and border transactions, particularly with the USA. Although the net foreign exchange earned by these two sectors increased in 1982 and 1983, neither sector improved its net balance of real income and expenditure between 1975 and 1982. The impact of the devaluations, combined with depressed economic conditions in North America and Western Europe, affected both the inflow and outflow of international travellers and their level of expenditure, and limited real contribution to Mexico's balance of payments problems.     

How do lifestyle hospitality and tourism entrepreneurs manage their work-life balance?

This study uses border theory to explore how lifestyle hospitality and tourism entrepreneurs manage their work-life balance. This research utilizes in-depth interviews and observations from Dali and Lijiang, China. Three types of findings emerged. First, for lifestyle entrepreneurs, work and personal life are not divided; business is considered a style of living, not work. Second, lifestyle entrepreneurs’ boundary management tactics include temporal tactics, physical tactics, and psychological tactics. Third, the factors influencing the work-life balance of lifestyle entrepreneurs include personal factors and the contextual factors related to tourism destinations. This paper contributes to border theory by indicating how an individual’s psychological borders have a decisive effect on work-life balance perception, and how both the tourism and Chinese contexts moderate the psychological borders of work-life balance to some extent.     

When family rooms become guest lounges: Work–family balance of B&B innkeepers

Work–life balance is one of the major challenges faced by bed-and-breakfast (B&B) innkeepers due to the lack of spatial boundaries between home and workplace in a typical B&B establishment. Grounded in the work–family border theory, the present research develops a conceptual framework to understand the impact of work–life border characteristics and entrepreneurial motivation on the work–life balance of B&B innkeepers. The findings of an online survey among 369 innkeepers in the United States suggest that border tangibility is positively related to work–life balance and the relationship between the two is fully mediated by work–life integration. In contrast, border strength is negatively related to work–life balance and this relationship is direct and not mediated by work–life integration. Innkeepers can enjoy a higher level of work–life balance by maintaining a tangible work–life border to reduce the level of integration of work and personal life domains. The study also shows that entrepreneurial motivation moderates the relationship between work–life integration and work–life balance such that lifestyle-oriented B&B innkeepers enjoy higher levels of work–life balance than business-oriented B&B innkeepers.     

What drives pilgrims' experiential supportive intentions and desires towards religious destinations?

This study examines the role of pilgrim's experiential risk, experiential motivation, and experiential loyalty towards the experiential relationship quality, supportive intentions, and desires at religious destinations. For Study 1, data were collected from 374 pilgrims (Sikh community) who visited Pakistan during their religious event (Vaisakhi). For Study 2, data were collected from 381 pilgrims (Malaysian Chinese) who visited Chinese temples in Kedah, Malaysia. PLS-SEM is employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that experiential risk, motivation, and loyalty significantly impact experiential relationship quality, experiential supportive intentions, and experiential desire. Moreover, experiential relationship quality also plays a pivotal role in increasing the pilgrims` experiential supportive intentions and desires to visit the pilgrimage destination. This study contributes to the existing literature and will be helpful for the tourism authorities to reduce the consumer's experiential risk and enhance their loyalty and intention towards the holy destinations.     

How ICT shifts the power balance of tourism distribution channels

The restructuring process of the tourism sector and of the distribution channels caused by Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) may have altered the power positions in the channels. In the literature, the relationship between structure and power has been analyzed under the structure-conduct-performance paradigm, and the structure-conduct-outcome framework. The question is if the structure is antecedent or consequence of power balance in the channel. Our objective and contribution is to provide a common framework for both approaches by including the two different conceptualizations of the structure and analyzing their cause-effect link with the power balance. Moreover, we show that the two concepts of structure have a strong link with power balance but that the nature of the link might be very different: market structure is exogenous and might be considered an antecedent and, channel structure is endogenous, suggesting that it is intimately interrelated with power balance and that the cause-effect link works in the two directions.     

Board diversity and firm performance in the U.S. tourism sector: The effect of institutional ownership

This study examines the relationship between board diversity and firm performance in the U.S. tourism sector by using institutional ownership as a contingency that moderates this relationship. The study's sample includes publicly-traded companies from the U.S. restaurant, hotel and airline industries. The hypotheses are tested via two-way fixed-effects regression, and the findings of the study indicate that board diversity is positively associated with financial performance (Tobin's Q), and the effect of board diversity on performance is contingent on the degree of institutional ownership. More precisely, the study finds that board diversity has a larger effect on financial performance when institutional ownership is low on a tourism firm's ownership structure. Overall, the findings suggest that boards' internal control and monitoring on management is important to derive higher financial performance, and even yet it is more important when external monitoring by institutional owners, proxied by percentage of institutional ownership, is weak.     

Balancing the dual mandate of conservation and visitor use at a Canadian world heritage site in an era of rapid climate change

Abstract

National parks in Canada operate under the dual mandate of conservation and visitor use, which involves balancing ecological integrity and nature-based tourism activities. Climate-induced environmental change may increase the existing tension between conservation and visitor use as major tourism resources located in protected areas (PAs) are projected to undergo large-scale changes. This study draws upon the behavioural approach, scenario planning, and landscape visualizations to examine the relationship between climate change impacts, visitor perceptions, and visitor experience management at the Athabasca Glacier in Jasper National Park, Canada. Four tourism development scenarios defined by two management drivers (ecological integrity and visitor demand) with corresponding storylines and visualizations were developed for 2050. The visualized scenarios were presented to visitors (n?=?304) in a survey to understand potential implications on visitor satisfaction. The results suggest that park managers need to find a balance between ecological integrity and visitor use in a way that ensures commercialized tourism development is limited, educational material is prioritized, and ecological integrity is maintained. While understanding the behaviour of future tourists is complex, it is a critical component of climate change adaptation planning and decision-making processes that needs to be prioritized by policymakers and PAs managers.     

旅游影响下传统社区空间变迁的理论探讨——基于空间生产理论的反思

空间是传统社区旅游的核心吸引要素,是游客体验的对象,也是社区旅游业可持续发展的基础。文章以传统社区(社会)空间为研究对象,依照社会建构主义的研究范式,以列斐伏尔(Lefebvre)的空间生产理论为指导,对旅游与传统社区空间生产之间的关系进行理论上的探讨,旨在为后续的旅游影响研究提供理论上的依据。研究发现:旅游影响了传统社区空间变迁的根本原因在于游客成了传统社区空间生产的主体之一;旅游利益相关者是传统社区空间的主要建构者,并通过占有传统社区的土地成为社区空间的直接生产者;空间生产主体的多元化、主体生产目标和行动的错位是导致旅游影响下的传统社区空间生产过程中矛盾多发的主要原因之一。     

Trouble in the travel account

For several years a small but growing group of economists has been interested in the balance-of-payments aspects of international tourism and the travel account. This paper examines the reliability and consistency of international travel data provided by government agencies. Travel data are usually constructed from survey questionnaires, bank transfers, and records of travel agents. Often the quality of the data is low. In fact, it is likely that some countries are not able to tell whether they have a surplus or deficit on travel accounts. An examination of the inconsistencies in travel data reported by different countries will aid researchers in the numerous international travel demand studies.     

Domestic tourism expenditures: The non-linear effects of length of stay and travel party size

The independent variables length of stay and travel party size are recurrent determinants of expenditures in micro level tourism studies. In most of this research it has been tacitly assumed that these variables have linear effects on tourism spending. This study, situated in a Norwegian setting, questions this approach by explicitly scrutinizing the possible non-linearities in the relationships between tourism expenditures on the one hand and length of stay and travel party size on the other. The empirical results suggest a positive but diminishing relationship between length of stay and tourism expenditures and a convex (i.e. U) relationship between travel party size and tourism expenditures. The study also considers how a number of other key independent variables affect tourism expenditures. Finally, some managerial and scholarly implications are discussed.