发展海南乡村旅游在国际旅游岛中的地位和作用

海南的乡村元素不但与国际旅游休闲特点相吻合．而且在海南国际旅游岛建设上档次、成规模、够品位、可持续发展中有着重要的战略地位和作用。发展海南乡村旅游将为解决海南“三农”困境，推进海南国际旅游岛的健康发展开辟道路。     

海岛型目的地的旅游渗透度——海南案例及其国际比较

文章以旅游渗透度指数(TPI)作为分析工具和方法,利用2003年、2006年和2009年的数据,较为综合地测量和分析了海南全省及各重点市县旅游业对经济、社会和生态环境3方面的渗透程度及其发展趋势；并利用2009年的数据,就海南全省及各重点市县与加勒比地区的19个海岛目的地、马尔代夫和夏威夷等进行了旅游渗透度的比较和统计分析.研究发现,三亚市在2003年、2006年和2009年3个年份都是海南全省旅游渗透度最高的城市,但2009年海南全省及重点市县的旅游渗透度在所有样本案例地中尚处较低水平.通过聚类分析,该研究进一步将27个样本案例地划分为低度渗透型、酒店集聚型和全面渗透型3类,并举例对各聚类的显著特征进行了阐述.文章最后基于国际旅游岛建设的背景,对海南全省及三亚市旅游发展模式与趋势进行了讨论.     

中国出境旅游目的地的市场定位研究

本文探讨了中国出境旅游目的地的市场竞争以及市场定位，研究表明，中国公民出境旅游目的地的特征属性中，“安全性”与“优美的景色”是中国出境旅游者认为的最重要特征属性；KYST研究结果表明，在中国现已开放的出境旅游目的地中，新加坡与泰国、日本与韩国、埃及与德国是两两相似的出境旅游目的地形象；ALSCAL研究结果表明，中国出境旅游目的地的特征属性之间既具有联系，又具有差异；中国出境旅游目的地国家相互之间具有市场竞争性。为吸引更多的中国大陆旅游者出境旅游，中国出境旅游目的地国家应制定相应的旅游市场营销策略。     

文化距离对旅游目的地选择的影响--以日本和中国大陆出境游为例

在全球化和出境旅游日益发展的大背景下，了解国家文化和文化差异对出境旅游的影响越来越重要。文章以日本和中国出境旅游市场为案例，定量研究客源国与目的地国家之间的文化差异对旅游者出境旅游目的地选择的影响。文章数据来源于对日本和中国城市居民的一手数据，包括受访者的过往出境目的地选择和计划前往目的地选择情况。条件Logit模型的估计结果显示，日本居民在过往目的地和计划前往目的地的选择上都显著偏好总体与日本文化差异大的国家。具体而言，他们偏好在“权力距离”和“不确定性避免”维度差异较小，而在“集体主义“”性别气质”和“长远考虑”维度差异较大的目的地。相比而言，中国大陆居民在出境目的地选择上受文化距离的影响较少。     

国外自驾游研究进展

随着国内自驾游的迅速发展，自驾游相关产业、目的地开发和游客管理实践都亟待理论与经验指引。文章对西方自驾游旅游研究进行梳理，从自驾游研究基础（概念与分类）、主要研究方向（游客调研、自驾游旅游线路、自驾游目的地、吸引物与服务设施）及自驾游的影响与管理等方面进行归纳和综述。研究表明，以自驾游为研究内容的旅游研究具有多学科参与的特点，并与汽车紧密相关；自驾游的多目的地性和驾驶愉悦性是自驾游的主要特点。     

俱乐部旅游:实施、意义与前景

本文根据实地调研，讨论国内新近出现的一种新的旅游方式——俱乐部旅游。文章首先分析这种旅游方式成功实施的三要素，即相关主体、旅游线路设计、物质准备及费用；其次，从旅游者、当地社区、旅游组织者以及旅游目的地生态环境和遗产保护等角度，对俱乐部旅游进行收益分析，并同时与其他旅游方式进行效益比较；第三，通过讨论俱乐部旅游与“大众旅游”、“自助旅游”、“另类旅游”以及“活动旅游”等旅游概念的关系，对其进行学术定位；最后，从俱乐部旅游的易行性、潜在的参加者群体、与户外健身运动的关联性、以及中国户外运动资源等4个方面，指出俱乐部旅游在中国的发展前景。     

旅游口号创意模式的尺度差异研究

旅游口号是传递目的地形象的有效工具，是旅游营销策划的关键内容。文章拓展了旅游口号创意模式的分类视角。从文字长度、短语结构、地名信息和诉求倾向等4个角度对省区、城市和景区等3种目的地尺度的116个旅游口号展开统计分析，研究发现：（1）总体上，8字长度（主要是“4＋4”形式）的标型口号比重最高，而目的地尺度越小，越倾向于使用长型口号模式来进行创意设计；（2）无论哪种目的地尺度，绝大多数短语类型的旅游口号均属于“偏正词组＋偏正词组”的组合方式，在创意设计上具有显著的目的地修饰导向；（3）超过半数的旅游口号采取了地名涵盖型的创意模式。相对城市和景区而言，省区目的地对地名信息的涵盖最为普遍；（4）立足资源属性型诉求倾向的创意模式在3种目的地旅游口号中均占有相对优势，景区尺度尤为突出。     

北京旅游目的地形象的感知——中西方旅游者博客的多维话语分析

目前，很少有学者采用旅游者博客这一新兴的方式研究游客对旅游目的地形象的感知。文章选择中西方旅游者博客话语为切入点，从“文化繁荣”、“宜居和生态”、“现代化大都市”、“社会和谐”和“经济发展”5个维度探讨中西方游客对北京旅游目的地形象感知的异同，并讨论了两个不同旅游群体在文化背景、意识形态和消费水平方面的差异。最后，文章对如何提升来京中西方游客的体验评价提出了切实的建议。此研究意在强调旅游者博客在旅游目的地形象研究中的重要意义，同时亦希望能够对话语分析的跨学科发展作出贡献。     

旅游目的地营销绩效评价研究现状与展望

随着公共投资审查的日益严格和目的地竞争的加剧,对旅游目的地营销绩效进行评价已经成为实践发展的必然要求.但由于目的地信息的多源性以及旅游者决策过程的复杂性,营销绩效评价一直是目的地营销研究领域中最具挑战性的问题.文章在回顾国内外相关研究文献的基础上,从旅游目的地营销组织绩效评价和旅游目的地营销传播活动绩效评价两个方面对国内外的研究状况进行了归纳,并指出了未来研究的重点和方向,以期为国内理论研究和实践活动的开展提供参考.     

乡村旅游景观认知对重游意愿的影响——基于目的地依恋和游客满意度的链式多重中介效应分析

<正>文章以广东省乡村旅游游客为研究对象，基于“认知—情感—行为”理论和自我调节态度理论，构建目的地依恋与游客满意度的链式多重中介模型，研究乡村景观认知对重游意愿的影响，使用自制量表收集数据，应用SPSS 26和AMOS 24软件对研究模型进行实证分析。结果表明：(1)乡村景观认知对重游意愿存在显著的正向影响；(2)乡村景观认知正向影响目的地依恋，目的地依恋正向影响重游意愿；(3)乡村景观认知正向影响游客满意度，游客满意度正向影响重游意愿；(4)目的地依恋和游客满意度在乡村景观认知与重游意愿之间存在链式多重中介效应。文章深入探究游客旅游行为动机和心理机制，可以为制定乡村旅游营销策略提供理论基础，有利于提高乡村旅游服务质量。     

New Public Management in tourism: a case study of York

Issues concerning destination governance continue to engender much interest and debate in the development of more sustainable forms of tourism. This study explores the implications of a New Public Management approach to tourist destination governance in the historic City of York. Using secondary data, as well as drawing on interviews with a range of destination stakeholders, this study seeks to understand how market ideology is, via the notion of New Public Management, transforming tourism governance in the city. Rather than leading to greater levels of stakeholder engagement, the study demonstrates how the outsourcing of destination management functions to a private sector organisation has had the opposite effect, including a weakening of accountability and the widening of a democratic deficit. The paper provides a unique insight into how public policy discourses manifest themselves at the local level, with implications for tourist destination governance. A critique of New Public Management is offered which extends our understanding of tourism governance structures and stakeholder engagement, with implications for sustainable tourism development discussed.     

An Empirical Examination of the Form of Relationship Between Sustainable Tourism Experiences and Satisfaction

This paper problematizes the terms “sustainable tourism and satisfaction”. It conceptualizes sustainable tourism as a future trend in tourism and argues that although sustainable tourism and satisfaction frequently function as a means of tourist evaluation and experience for attractions, their social significance extends far beyond current tourism planning. This paper uses empirical material from 642 tourists who had sustainable tourism experiences and gathers samples from several natural resource conservation zones in Taiwan. If tourists feel a sense of novelty about a tourist destination, they may increase their sustainable experience and further enhance their willingness and satisfaction toward sustainable tourism. In addition, sustainable tourism studies suggest that novelty enhances emotional excitement, which in turn leads to more overall valuable evaluations and higher satisfaction. This paper tests both direct and indirect mechanisms simultaneously using structural equation modeling methods. The results support the predictions.     

Developing a Tourism Destination Monitoring System: A Case of the Hawaii Tourism Dashboard

To develop and manage a tourism destination sustainably, it is important for all stakeholders to understand the interrelated tourism dimensions and activities within a destination. One way of determining the conditions of a destination's “health” is to establish a process by which existing data on various aspects of a destination can be assessed. For this purpose, this paper presents the development processes of the Hawaii Tourism Dashboard (HTD), an online information clearinghouse for multiple stakeholders and a diagnostic tool to monitor the conditions of Hawaii's tourism. As a joint effort between the industry and academia, it is hoped that the HTD can play an important role in increasing public awareness about tourism's multifaceted characteristics and in assisting decision-making and policy development by the government and the industry.     

Storytelling in destination brands’ promotional videos

Storytelling represents an extensive and rich body of research in tourism. Prior studies mainly focus on tourists’ stories in understanding travel experiences and little knowledge exists as to whether destination promotional videos embed the principles of storytelling. Using the Hero’s Journey as a guiding framework, this study conducts a narratological analysis of six destination brand commercials. The advertisements are deconstructed, assessing their story structure, story type, archetype enactment, and experiential outcome. Findings indicate that the majority of destination commercials fail to exhibit state of the art practices of storytelling and this represents a missed opportunity. The Hero’s Journey offers a useful tool to help destination marketers to develop powerful storytelling promotional videos that connect with and engage prospective tourists.     

Are there cultural limits to tourism?

This article poses the question: are there cultural limits to tourism? It argues that tourism is a culture industry in the sense that it markets cultural products to tourists as cultural experiences. The three elements of tourism as culture are: the cultural foundations of tourism products, the sophistication of tourists’ perceptions and experiences of tourist cultures, and the cultural consequences of tourism development on resident communities. Yet these aspects are usually treated in a tokenistic way in favour of economic and environmental considerations, ignoring the cultural consequences of major changes to destination communities as a result of tourist development. This article proposes that the changes and consequences of tourism on the culture of destinations and on the culture of tourists should be central to debates about sustainable tourism development. The article proposes a number of conditions or indicators to identify the matrix of impacts of tourism from which acceptable and unacceptable limits can be determined. The use of these indicators should be central to planning, management and monitoring practices to achieve sustainable tourism.     

Applying diffusion theory to destination stakeholder understanding of sustainable tourism development: a case from Thailand

The concept of sustainable tourism development is widely considered to be necessary for successful tourism development, but there is uncertainty over destination stakeholders’ understanding and thus ability to implement the concept. Utilising diffusion theory, this paper explores the diffusion of the sustainable tourism development concept among stakeholders in the tourism destination of Kret Island, Thailand. The primary data collection involved semi-structured, in-depth interviews undertaken with 10 local government authorities and 45 local residents, and data were analysed using content analysis. Interpersonal communication was the key channel for the concept's diffusion, and the involvement of opinion leaders, change agents and social networks in this diffusion was explored. Many local residents were laggards in the diffusion of sustainable tourism development thinking in comparison with local government and local opinion leaders. It is argued that both interpersonal and media communication and the identification of key actors in the community are needed to effectively diffuse sustainable tourism ideas among destination stakeholders. The results validate the use of diffusion theory as a means to understand the transfer of the sustainable tourism development concept among stakeholders, and they also provide information useful for the design of information dissemination programmes.     

Book Reviews

John Tribe's paper 'Education for Ethical Tourism Action' (10 (4), 2002) proposes an action-oriented ethical tourism curriculum based on Aristotle's notion of phronesis, aimed at developing a disposition towards 'good' action rather than 'correct' action. This paper investigates the implications of Tribe's paper for the pedagogy and practice of sustainable tourism. Drawing upon Aristotle, it is argued that principles are an important guide to developing and exercising phronesis (practical wisdom) for living a good life, and for the practice of sustainable tourism. The paper also examines issues related to theoretical or scientific knowledge (episteme) and skill development (techne), and argues for a praxis-oriented curriculum that incorporates: (1) knowledge of sustainable-tourism principles, and (2) practice in which learned principles and phronesis (practical wisdom) constitutively guide tourism action and good conduct. The study also suggests that scholars and practitioners need to be more proactive and cognisant of the telos (purpose) and good of various tourism activities and curricula, for the individual and for the destination. Especially lacking in the study of sustainable tourism is discussion of the development of virtues and character for a good life in and through tourism. Virtue ethics offers potential for supplementing existing theories of rightness and obligation in sustainable tourism, and for conceptualising the meaning of 'good tourism'.     

Elucidating the relationships among destination images,recreation experience,and authenticity of the Shengxing Heritage Recreation Area in Taiwan

A destination's image and on-site recreation experience can be regarded as precedents of the authenticity perceived by heritage tourists. Historic images attract tourists to experience the authenticity of a heritage destination. This study examines the linear relationships among destination images, recreation experience, and the perceived authenticity experienced by tourists at the Shengxing Heritage Recreation Area in central Taiwan. In total, 536 usable questionnaires were collected. Analytical results indicate that the cognitive and affective images of a destination directly and significantly affect the recreation experience of tourists at a heritage recreation area. Additionally, recreation experience directly and significantly affects perceived authenticity. Moreover, recreation experience has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between cognitive image and perceived authenticity. We conclude that when tourists visit a heritage-based tourism destination, such as the destination under consideration, these tourists gain tourism image and recreation experiences, which strengthens their perceived authenticity of heritage tourism; as a result, these tourists are more likely to contribute to the development of heritage tourism. Applying this theoretical framework to research on heritage tourism further extends our understanding of the behavioural model of heritage tourists. Finally, this study provides a valuable reference for managers striving to develop heritage tourism.     

Destination competitiveness and tourism development in Russia: Issues and challenges

With new border policies and the development of travel infrastructure, international tourism to Russia experienced double-digit growth in the past few years. Yet, few authors have reported on the challenges the country faces towards sustainable tourism development and competitiveness. This study discusses issues that have affected and that will continue to affect tourism in Russia. The tenets of destination competitiveness and sustainable development are used to guide a critical discussion of tourism in Russia. The study results from a three-year project that brought together European and Russian partners. Despite great potential, tourism development in Russia remains hindered by numerous issues such as destination image, infrastructure development, workforce training and education, quality management, and sustainable management. Beyond contributing to the tourism academic literature, this paper also aims at contributing to private and public policy stakeholders who prepare the future of Russia's tourism with Russian universities.     

Tourism planning : The case for ‘market failure’

Tourism planning has been looked upon as a means of maximizing benefits from tourism development; however, there has been limited research on the accomplishments of tourism plans. This paper provides a longrun analysis of tourism planning in Pacific island destinations, using Hawaii, French Polynesia and the Cook Islands as case examples. A major conclusion of the study is that government tourism plans have little probability of influencing market forces to achieve economic success in destination areas. In view of this, future government planning efforts should be redirected to focus on issues such as the negative social and environmental impacts which are not ameliorated by market forces, leaving the private sector to assume the planning and financial risks of developing specific tourist areas. In order to achieve this, government tourism organizations may have to be restructured from economic development and/or marketing organizations to incorporate broad social responsibilities.