旅游空间生产及社区居民体验研究——江南水乡周庄古镇案例

文章通过问卷调查,从资本维、生产维、权力维、阶层维、生活维和社会维6个维度切入,对周庄古镇旅游开发使其原有空间所根植的社会环境发生的变化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)旅游空间生产效率取决于开发模式,实践主导更应关注社会效能;(2)旅游空间生产问题存在生存论思考,空间的调适需凸显人文关怀;(3)旅游空间优化关键是提高空间质量,包容性发展应成为未来诉求。文章提出以提升空间质量为核心的包容性发展方向:(1)强化旅游空间生产中居民社会经济保障措施;(2)增进旅游空间生产的社会凝聚能力;(3)提升旅游空间生产的社会包容容量;(4)优化旅游空间生产的居民权能获取层次。当旅游者的凝视和空间生产者的实践使空间原有物质属性更加倾向社会属性时,空间叙事便应该成为旅游空间研究的新方式,把空间生产理论应用于旅游研究中将使旅游研究范式发生改变,丰富现有研究理论,拓展传统研究视角,为社会转型背景下周庄古镇可持续发展提供参考。     

Paying for parks. Ticketed events and the commercialisation of public space

Music festivals, sport events, funfairs, exhibitions and other ticketed events provide a source of income for authorities struggling to pay for parks. Park events are also justified as ways of making city parks more exciting and attracting a more diverse range of users. However, commercial events are often contested as they restrict the availability of public space and compromise the status of parks as accessible, ‘open spaces’ that are free to use. These issues are explored here by analysing Battersea Park in London which has a long track record of hosting ticketed events, including the Festival of Britain Pleasure Gardens and, more recently, Formula E motor races. Historical and contemporary analysis of Battersea Park demonstrates how ticketed events privatise park space, providing precedents for future commercialisation and development. The case study also suggests that the growing pressure to transform parks into event venues is changing the ways our parks are governed and managed. These changes suggest that a process of neoliberalisation is occurring, but the research presented here suggests that this explanation perhaps oversimplifies the nuances of park commercialisation. Ultimately, the paper highlights the conflicts and issues that arise when the exchange value of public parks is prioritised over their use value.     

Place construction and public space: Cantonese opera as leisure in the urban parks of Guangzhou,China

This article explores the relationship between traditional leisure activities and public space by studying Cantonese opera in the urban parks of Guangzhou, China. The approach utilises place construction theory to analyse the public space construction processes of Cantonese opera. This study found that Cantonese opera, as leisure embedded in the urban parks, constructs the park as a site of performativity and joyful togetherness. The local government constructs the urban park as a locale to celebrate traditional culture and market the city to its residents and visitors alike. Cantonese opera participants frequent the park and find it suitable for coordinating simple leisure activities and professional performances. This may be due to the perceived benefits of self-entertainment, health promotion and culture promotion. These factors, in turn, demonstrate the performativity of urban parks. As for joyful togetherness, elderly participants seek a sense of belonging and personal safety in urban parks by means of traditional leisure activities and social relationships, which help to ease the psychological impact of rapid urbanisation. During the place construction process, leisure participants gain an awareness of culture and space as part of this social ritual. Therefore, the influence of these operas extends to the local city and governmental spheres.     

Understanding Urban Public Space in a Leisure Context

For many people, the city is a landscape of everyday life. In cities, public spaces serve as venues for social interaction, sociability, conviviality, and the enactment of community. Despite their relevance to community life, however, urban spaces remain underexamined in the leisure literature. If researchers seek to understand leisure in the context of everyday experiences, they must also consider the spatial perspective in which leisure activities are pursued. In this research reflection, we argue that urban public spaces and some private spaces are fundamentally leisure settings that warrant greater research attention. We propose to broaden the conceptual understanding of what constitutes urban public space by outlining four categories of urban space based on ownership and accessibility.     

Beggars–tourists' interactions: An unobtrusive typological approach

While the perennial phenomenon of begging exists in many historical cities, where tourists tend to concentrate, the topic has not been examined in depth in the context of tourism. By using Goffman's (1955, 1963, 1971) dynamics of public space interaction and taking as a case the historical center of the city of Heraklion (Crete), this study draws on unobtrusive research methods (written records, non-participant observations and photographing), to shed further light on beggars–tourists' encounters by exploring not only the strategies beggars adopt to ensure almsgiving from tourists, but also to provide a typology of beggars and tourists based on their interactions.     

The role of public space in constructing experience capital: A longitudinal analysis in the hotel context

Public space plays a primary role in shaping customers' hospitality experiences. Yet how public space conditions customers' experiential outcomes in accumulating capital for hospitality organizations remains underexplored. Inspired by the theory of psychological ownership, this research presents an in-depth analysis of the impacts of customers' public space experiences on their experiential outcomes using a longitudinal hotel industry dataset merging information from customer surveys, property performance, and surrounding accessibility insights. Findings revealed the positive effects of customers’ public space experiences on their overall service experiences, the perceived value of the experience, revisit intentions, and recommendation intentions. Moreover, hotel class, other customers, and surrounding accessibility were empirically verified as moderators conditioning the positive impact of public space. These findings offer valuable implications for theory and practice that are worthy of further exploration.     

A More Tenable Marketing for Leisure Services and Studies

The integration of marketing principles and practices into leisure services and studies over the past 25 years has been met with significant confusion and skepticism. Recent theoretical re-conceptualizations of public leisure services marketing suggest that a new marketing philosophy is needed to guide marketing efforts in this context. This paper argues that social marketing, previously largely ignored in the leisure literature, offers a perspective more consistent with the mandate of public leisure services. An explicit goal of the essay is to clarify confusion surrounding marketing and to describe a more tenable philosophy so that a wider range of subdisciplines in leisure services and studies might take advantage of some or all of the beneficial aspects of marketing.     

Understanding tourist space at a historic site through space syntax analysis: The case of Gulangyu,China

Although tourist development appears to be an effective approach for the further development of historic towns, researchers have often contended that a balance is difficult to maintain between protection and development. This article applies space syntax analysis to provide an understanding of tourist space at historic sites on Gulangyu Island. The relationship between street network integration and the urban fabric as well as tourist preferences collated from data mining are explored and verified. Then, results of the space syntax analysis along with the proposed historic site plan are compared to provide suggestions in plan evaluation. This research provides a visualized and quantitative approach to the field of tourist management via the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) to urban morphological features, tourist preferences and results gathered by way of planning practice. The effectiveness and limitations of this proposed new approach are also debated and substantiated.     

旅游公共服务的理论认知与实践判断——兼与李爽商榷

在中国旅游市场呈现出大众化、散客化、常态化的新趋势下,旅游公共服务体系成为影响游客满意度和目的地竞争力的关键因素。由于旅游业在中国长期被作为高度市场化的经济产业看待,人们对旅游公共服务体系建设的依据和重要性缺乏认识,因而在理论研究和实践探索中均出现不少问题。文章检视了已有研究对于旅游公共服务理论认知的相关论点,着力分析了李爽等的旅游公共服务论所存在的核心概念认知矛盾、理论理解和实践判断偏差问题。在此基础上提出了笔者对于旅游公共服务的理论认知,从5个W和1个H的角度阐述了旅游公共服务的内涵、外延、属性、服务的对象与供给主体、供给机制与时空条件。文章认为,旅游公共服务的主体内容体现为旅游基础设施、目的地推广、旅游权益保障三大方面;其本质是公益性服务,服务供给机制和方式的多元化并不等同于责任提供主体的多元化;旅游者的共同需求和目的地公共利益的性质及其客观存在,决定了旅游并非纯粹市场化领域,政府提供旅游公共服务是正当的,也是应该的。当下中国旅游公共服务的主要问题不是过多,而是欠缺与低效并存。旅游行政部门虽然承担着最大、最多的公共服务职能,但对这一职能的性质、内容和功效的认识并不到位,与旅游者的期望和需求还有较大距离。     

旅游影响下传统社区空间变迁的理论探讨——基于空间生产理论的反思

空间是传统社区旅游的核心吸引要素,是游客体验的对象,也是社区旅游业可持续发展的基础。文章以传统社区(社会)空间为研究对象,依照社会建构主义的研究范式,以列斐伏尔(Lefebvre)的空间生产理论为指导,对旅游与传统社区空间生产之间的关系进行理论上的探讨,旨在为后续的旅游影响研究提供理论上的依据。研究发现:旅游影响了传统社区空间变迁的根本原因在于游客成了传统社区空间生产的主体之一;旅游利益相关者是传统社区空间的主要建构者,并通过占有传统社区的土地成为社区空间的直接生产者;空间生产主体的多元化、主体生产目标和行动的错位是导致旅游影响下的传统社区空间生产过程中矛盾多发的主要原因之一。     

旅游公共服务价值共创:概念模型、驱动因素与行为过程--以杭州市社会资源国际访问点为例

与商业服务领域相似,旅游公共服务近年来也经历了由产品主导逻辑向服务主导逻辑演变的过程,由公共服务供需双方共创价值的实践现象已经出现。文章以杭州市社会资源国际访问点为案例,通过扎根理论的方法,探索性地提出旅游公共服务价值共创的概念,剖析了由政府、企业、居民、游客等不同社会主体参与的旅游公共服务价值共创现象,识别了制度保障、增权激励、信息透明、技术摄入、文化契合是实现旅游公共服务价值共创的驱动因素与前提条件。而不同主体间耦合形成的服务生态系统,其内部各要素的互动与整合是旅游公共服务价值共创实现的中介要素。此外,旅游公共服务价值共创的行为过程包括价值主张提出、共创环境营造、社会成员嵌入、社会价值共识、公共价值创造和社会影响输出。文章拓展了价值共创理论在旅游公共服务领域的应用,揭示了共创的内部机理与行为规律,为旅游目的地公共服务发展与供给模式创新提供了理论工具。     

Built environment and urban cruise tourists' mobility

The article studies the relationship between the characteristics of the built environment and the spatial behaviour of cruise passengers in a city. For this purpose, the mobility of cruise passengers visiting the city of Tarragona (Catalonia) is monitored by means of GPS tracking technologies and analysed through the use of GIS. Consideration has been given to diverse and multiple indicators related to the syntax of the urban space, its physical attributes, the economic activity and the visibility of tourist points of interest. Results show that the visibility of tourist points of interest and the type of economic activity have more influence than other factors related to the characteristics of the urban layout. The resulting information is particularly valuable for city management.     

Encouraging behavioural change towards sustainable tourism: a German approach to free public transport for tourists

Constantly growing transport demand by tourists within holiday destinations and related increases in CO₂ emissions have helped foster a new trend amongst German destinations towards promoting a green transportation mode for vacationers. A key innovation is the “Gästeticket” or Guest Ticket concept, which offers tourists free public transport, on buses and trains, within defined destination areas throughout their stay. This paper describes the background to this concept, and the many different ways in which it has been created, designed, implemented and administered. A qualitative research methodology interviewed key public and private sector stakeholders, including local and regional politicians, accommodation providers, public transport providers and public transport authorities to identify favourable starting conditions, successful financial and institutional implementation strategies, and both supporters and opponents of guest tickets. Local politicians and many small accommodation providers opposed the concept, while regional and national politicians supported it, as did public transport providers and public transport authorities. The concept is compared to the more holistic Alpine Pearls concept founded in Austria, and the case made for better explanation of the Guest Ticket concept to its opponents, better marketing, further research and closer cooperation between transport providers and planners with tourism attractions and accommodation providers.     

游客对国家公园功能的认知及其实现路径——以武夷山国家公园为例

中国国家公园体制以“生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性”为核心理念,通过游憩功能体现其公共资源属性,促进全民公益性目标实现,是确保国家公园生态保护成效的基本要求。为寻求实现国家公园功能的路径,本文基于问卷调查,考察游客对武夷山国家公园功能的认知、对游憩服务的期待以及参与国家公园保护的态度。研究表明,游客看重与其切身利益密切相关的游憩和环境教育等功能,但在空间认知上割裂了保护和利用在国家公园内的统一性;游客关注国家公园在游憩机会上的多样化和创新性,关注点受到年龄、职业、收入、教育程度等人口统计学因素影响;游客的生态保护参与意愿普遍较强,但对保护对象并无具体认知。因此,国家公园游憩功能的发展需要从前端导入国家公园概念、功能和管理目标等公益性的基础理念,既需要根据游客多样性需求完善服务,也需要引导游客了解公园区域定位和内部功能分区。研究指出,国家公园需要在增强游客对其功能公益性理解的基础上,探索自然保护地旅游发展的新范式,从而改善游憩体验,促进游客更好地参与生态保护。     

旅游公共服务:内涵、特征与分类框架

为适应旅游发展的新形势,加强和完善旅游公共服务已经成为各级旅游管理部门一项紧迫而重要的任务。本文基于公共产品等相关理论,从旅游公共服务的服务对象、特性以及相关概念之间的区别等方面对旅游公共服务的内涵范畴、特征进行界定和探讨。根据旅游公共服务的属性特征、内容构成、存在形态、受益影响范围以及需求差异,笔者对旅游公共服务进行全面、系统的划分与归类,为行政管理部门提供具有理论基础的决策依据,以满足公众日益增长的旅游公共服务需求。     

Disorganised host community touristic-event spaces: revealing Rio’s fault lines at the 2016 Olympic Games

ABSTRACT

We investigate the live staging spatial-organisational requirements of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, exploring the extent to which the project sequestrated, territorialised and commodified public space. Relatedly, we examine the role of new legal, regulatory and securitised event conditions in affording an effective and efficient ‘Olympic takeover’. We do this by drawing on i) official Rio 2016 planning documents, ii) observations of the live Olympic-city spatial effects, and iii) interviews with key informants. Findings reveal that Rio’s specially created Olympic event zones sought to transform visitor flows and circulations across the city, appropriating and regulating public space in-line with a desired tourist aesthetic. Rio’s public civic space became reimagined and controlled for commercial exploitation by Olympic sponsors, supporters and suppliers– facilitated by the creation of areas of exclusivity. And yet, we also reveal how the Rio Olympic city simultaneously emerged disorganised, open and fluid in places– a (temporary) break in the (neoliberal) economic logic we have come to expect. We argue that localised conditions affecting Rio afforded closer connectivity between event visitor economies and host communities. While these gains remain marginal and largely symbolic, they demonstrate that with effective planning, the Olympic host city need not only serve corporate interests.     

Altmetrics: Measuring Engagement with Contemporary Leisure Scholarship

Abstract

Tweet: #Altmetrics can shape how #leisure scholars think about sharing #research for greater public impact @LeisureSciences. Altmetrics, or “alternative metrics” measure scholarly and public engagement with scholarship through traditional metrics (e.g., citation counts) and contemporary metrics (e.g., mentions on social media and news outlets in real time). Since their emergence in 2010, they now play a role in the tenure process and factor into how scholars write articles and engage with social media to increase public consumption of their research (bridging the public/ivory tower/practitioner divide). In this research note, we describe altmetrics and answer some questions surrounding them. Questions we explore include: What are altmetrics? How are they calculated? What are the benefits of measuring scholarship in this way? What tensions exist in measuring scholarship in this way? How can leisure scholars engage with altmetrics? And why should leisure scholars/studies care about altmetrics?     

旅游影响下的城镇空间转向——以甘南州郎木寺为例

空间转向是目前社会学研究的前沿和热点问题。郎木寺镇是甘南州最主要的旅游目的地之一。郎木寺镇的整体空间序列, 依山就势, 形成三重空间, 即“神性的佛教寺院空间”、“静谧的传统民居空间”和“喧嚣的商业空间”。旅游资源的开发和旅游活动的介入, 打破了传统社区演替的滞缓性, 引起空间结构转向。这种转向不仅体现在外部空间形态上, 更表现在内部结构上。在多元文化和多种利益的群体性渗透、参与中, 三重空间开始了剧烈的入侵与演替。在旺盛的旅游需求推动下, 寺院空间的纯净性遭到浊化, 神圣性、主导性“塌缩”, 开始向世俗化转向, 并衍生出与旅游活动密切相关的非宗教性功能, 其空间表现出封闭中的开放性, 并不断向商业空间入侵。民居空间则打破原有的私密性, 发生了功能和样式变化, 由单一的居住功能转向为居住—旅游服务复合功能。典型藏式踏板房转向为普通的平房, 民族性和地域性特色消退, 室内宗教设施明显减少, 在外部空间上表现出竞争格局下的收缩与调适。居民行为从传统的游牧经济向多种经营转型, 而浓郁的宗教信仰热情减弱, 宗教活动减少。商业空间不断向居住空间侵入, 由初期的商住一体化空间向均质性商业街区转向, 并促生了多元化的商业业态, 成为最具开放性的商业—文化复合空间。这种空间转向, 从时空维度上讲, 可以归纳为同质同类转向（1990 ～1997年）：社区较少受到外界环境干扰, 以宗教和血缘为联系纽带的社区结构相对稳定, 三重空间以相对分离为主。同质异类转向（1998 ～2000年）：旅游吸引力逐步增强, 原有社区结构受到一定程度的冲击, 社区空间结构出现了文化基质不变, 而商业、服务类型逐步增多, 但三重空间相互侵入并不明显。异质异类转向（2000年以来）：旅游需求旺盛, 旅客激增, 社区空间结构发生了适应性变化, 三重空间的侵入和渗透性加强, 演替速度加快。     

Come Downtown & Play

Abstract

The newly anointed American cities of the late capitalist moment appear preoccupied with the reconstitution of urban space. More accurately, select parcels of urban America have been reconfigured into multifaceted sport, leisure and tourism environments designed for the purpose of encouraging consumption‐oriented capital accumulation. Within this paper, the focus is a critical exploration of the ways in which tangible and intangible forms of heritage have been employed, utilized and exploited within these urban transformations. Through focus on a city emblematic of the processes that have molded downtown cores under US capitalism – Memphis – the paper points to the role of heritage in the reconfiguration of the Memphian ‘tourist bubble’. In particular, discussion centers on the often problematic selection of histories and historical elements, forms and practices within the interests of capital space and thus raises a host of localized questions about whose collective memory is being performed in the present, whose aesthetics really count and who benefits. Conclusions address how such urban space is imbued with power relations, that is, how increasingly leisure‐oriented spaces can be seen as important sites of social struggle in which dominant power relations can be constructed, contested and reproduced.     

旅游公共服务多元化供给:政府职能定位与模式选择研究

随着我国旅游业的蓬勃发展,旅游公共服务的广泛社会需求、政府职能转变的内在要求以及旅游公共服务的实践探索,已经对创新旅游公共服务供给模式提出了迫切要求。文章以公共经济学和公共管理学等理论作为主要分析工具,结合旅游公共服务实践,明确政府在旅游公共服务多元化供给过程中职能定位的基础上,探讨旅游公共服务政府、市场、社会共同参与的旅游公共服务供给模式,以保证旅游公共服务在制度框架内有效供给,满足公众日益增长的旅游公共服务需求和实现公共利益。